quiz 2 Flashcards
Fluticasone
A resp inhaler
Indications: Maintenance treatment of asthma as prophylactic therapy.
Actions:Potent, locally acting anti-inflammatory and immune modifier.
Salbutamol
Common resp inhaler
Indications- Prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm
Actions: Binds to beta2 -adrenergic receptors in airway smooth muscle, leading to activation of adenylyl cyclase and increased levels of cyclic-3’, 5’-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increases in cAMP activate kinases, which inhibit the phosphorylation of myosin and decrease intracellular calcium. Decreased intracellular calcium relaxes smooth muscle airways.
Relaxation of airway smooth muscle with subsequent bronchodilation.
Relatively selective for beta2 (pulmonary) recep
Ipratropium
common resp inhaler
Indications- Maintenance therapy of reversible airway obstruction due to COPD, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Actions: Inhibits cholinergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in decreased concentrations of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Decreased levels of cGMP produce local bronchodilation.
Antitussives
Definition: antitussives act on the cough center in the brain and decrease the sensitivity of cough receptors. When the cough receptors in the respiratory passages and lungs are stimulated, they send signals to the cough center located in the brain. The impulse generated travels down and stimulates the respiratory muscles to produce a cough.
Antitussives relieve cough by:
* Acting on the cough center in the brain
* Decreasing the sensitivity of cough receptors
* Interrupting cough impulse transmission
* Numbing the cough receptors in the respiratory passages and lungs
Uses: Antitussives are prescription or over-the-counter drugs used for suppressing cough.
Dextromethoprhan
Indications: Symptomatic relief of coughs caused by minor viral upper respiratory tract infections or inhaled irritants.
* Most effective for chronic nonproductive cough.
* A common ingredient in nonprescription cough and cold preparations.
Actions : Suppresses the cough reflex by a direct effect on the cough center in the medulla. Related to opioids structurally but has no analgesic properties.
Contraindicated in:
* Hypersensitivity;
* Patients taking MAO inhibitors or SSRIs;
* Should not be used for chronic productive coughs;
* Some products contain alcohol and should be avoided in patients with known intolerance.
Use Cautiously in:
* Cough that lasts more than 1 wk or is accompanied by fever, rash, or headache–health care professional should be consulted;
* History of drug abuse or drug-seeking behavior (capsules have been abused resulting in deaths)
* Diabetes (some products contain sucrose);
* OB: Pregnancy (has been used safely);
* Lactation: Lactation;
* Pedi: Children <4 yr (OTC cough and cold products containing this medication should be avoided).
Side effects:
* GI: nausea
* Neuro: high dose– dizziness, sedation
asthma pathology
Regardless of the asthma trigger type, the response is characterized by inflammation, edema, bronchoconstriction, and buildup of mucus in the airways, leading to coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
Asthma management: which medications would you use?
albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others) and levalbuterol (Xopenex, Xopenex HFA).
Anticholinergic uses
- Asthma.
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Overactive bladder or loss of bladder control.
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- Parkinson’s disease.
- Peptic ulcers (stomach or intestinal ulcer)
- Allergic rhinitis (stuffy or runny nose)
- Excessive sweating
side effects - dry mouth, constipation, and blurry vision. More serious side effects of anticholinergic medications include confusion, impaired memory, and seizures.
Decongestants= Adrenergic (Ephedrine)
Expectorants= Guaifenesin (Robitussin)
NSAIDs
- Headaches
- painful periods.
- sprains and strains.
- colds and flu.
- coronavirus (COVID-19)
- conditions such as arthritis that can cause long-term pain.
- Relieves mild pain
acetaminophen
Relieves mild to moderate pain
Relieve fever
opiates
Used to treat moderate to severe pain
bezodiazepine
Uses:struggling with sleep, anxiety, spasticity due to CNS pathology, muscle relaxation, and epilepsy
side effects
* Drowsiness.
* Light-headedness.
* Confusion.
* unsteadiness (especially in older people, who may fall and experience injuries)
* Dizziness.
* slurred speech.
* muscle weakness.
* memory problems
Link between Acetaminophen and older adults
For most seniors, the safest over-the-counter painkiller is acetaminophen (like Tylenol). However, older adults must NOT take more than 3000 mg of acetaminophen in one day. In high doses, acetaminophen can cause serious or fatal liver damage
Link between NSAIDS and creatinine clearance
there is a reduction of creatinine clearance when taking NSAIDs (between 21-28%), this means people who may take NSAIDs may have a lower creatinine serum levels. Since this does not affect patients urine output as well as no patients requiring dialysis proves this is clinically unimportant .
Nulk forming Laxative
Action:Draw water in the stool, forming a soft, bulky mass, which stimulates intestinal peristalsis
Uses: constipation
Side effects: Nausea, Vomiting, Bloating, Flatulence, Diarrhea
