chapter 2 - week 1 Flashcards
drug
Any chemical that affects the physiological processes of a living organism
pharmacology
Broadest term for the study or science of drugs
3 different type of drug names
Chemical name
Describes the drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure
Generic name(nonproprietary, official name)
Name given to a drug approved by Health Canada
Trade name (proprietary name)
The drug has a registered trademark; use
of the name is restricted by the drug’s patent owner (usually the manufacturer).
drug classification
Drugs are grouped together based on their similar properties
Drugs can be classified by their structure
Drugs can be classified by their therapeutic use
what are the 8 pharmacological principles
Pharmaceutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacogenomics (pharmacogenetics)
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacoeconomics
Toxicology
pharmaceutics
The study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body
pharmacokinetic
The study of what the body does to the drug
From the time drug is put into the body until the parent drug and metabolites have left the body
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
absorption
Absorption is the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream for distribution to the tissues. Bioavailability describes the extent of drug absorption. For example, a drug that is absorbed from the intestine must first pass through the liver before it reaches the systemic circulation. ). If a large proportion of a drug is chemically changed into inactive metabolites in the liver, then a much smaller amount of drug will pass into the circulation (i.e., will be bioavailable). Such a drug is said to have a high first-pass effect (can be up to 100& of bioavailability, IV route will always 100% bioavailable)
different routes
Enteral route
Sublingual and buccal routes
Topical route
Transdermal route
Inhalation route
Parenteral route:
* Intradermally
* subcutaneously
* Intravenously
* Intramuscularly
* Intrathecally
* intra-articularly
* intra-arterially
enteral route
The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the mucosa of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine
* Oral
* Sublingual
* Buccal
* Rectal (can also be topical)
parenteral route
Intravenous
* fastest due to direct delivery into the blood circulation
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Intra-arterial
Intrathecal
Intra-articular
topical route
Skin (including transdermal patches)
Eyes
Ears
Nose
Lungs (inhalation)
Rectum
Vagina
Distrubtion
Distribution refers to the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action. Drugs are distributed first to those areas with extensive blood supply. Areas of rapid distribution include the heart, liver, kidneys, and brain. Areas of slower distribution include muscle, skin, and fat. Once a drug enters the circulating blood, it is distributed throughout the body.
what is albumin
Albumin is the most common blood protein and carries the majority of protein-bound drug molecules.
If a given drug binds to albumin, only a limited amount of the drug is not bound.
This unbound portion is active and is considered “free” drug.
metabolism
Also referred to as biotransformation
Biochemical alteration of a drug into any of the following:
an inactive metabolite
* a more soluble compound
* a more potent metabolite (as in the conversion of an inactive prodrug to its active form)
* a less active metabolite
elimation
Elimination of drugs from the body
Primary organ responsible is kidney
Liver and bowel also play a role
Renal excretion
Biliary excretion
what is a hlaf life
time required for half (50%) of a given drug to be removed from the body
peak level
highest blood level of a drug
through level
lowest blood level of a drug
toxicity
occurs if the peak blood level of the drug is too high
pharmacodynamics
The study of what the drug does to the body
* The mechanism of drug actions in living tissues
* Therapeutic effect
* The goal of drug therapy
* Mechanism of action
* Receptor interactions
* Enzyme interactions
pharmacotherapeitocs
The clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases
Desired therapeutic outcomes is patient-specific, established in collaboration with the patient.
Outcome goals need to be realistic.
what would you montior for in you patient after giving drugs
Therapeutic action
Beneficial effects
Adverse effects
Predictable adverse drug reactions
Toxic effects
Therapeutic index
Drug concentration
Patient condition
ten rights of medications administration
Right drug for Right Medication
Right dose
Right time
Right route
Right patient
Right reason
Right documentation
Right evaluation for right assessment
Right patient education
Right to refuse
pharmacognosy
The process of identifying medicinal plans and their ingredients, pharmacological effects, and therapeutic efficacy
Four main sources for drugs: plants, animals, minerals, and laboratory synthesis
pharmacoeconomics
Study of the economic factors influencing the cost of drug therapy
Cost–benefit analysis
toxicology
Science of poisons and unwanted responses to both drugs and chemicals
Clinical toxicology deals specifically with the care of poisoned patients.
