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quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the distal segment doing in an open chain?

A

free to move

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2
Q

what is the distal segment doing in a closed chain?

A

fixed (proximal segment moves)

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3
Q

what are the two main types of joints?

A

synarthrosis and diarthrodial (synovial)

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4
Q

Name the three types of fibrous synarthrotic joints?

A

sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses

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5
Q

Describe the characteristics of a suture joint?

A

interlocking, united via collagenous sutural ligament or membrane

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6
Q

Describe the characteristics of a gomphosis joint?

A

surface adapted (peg in hole) connected via fibrous tissue

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7
Q

describe the characteristics of a syndesmosis joint?

A

mostly stability, bones joined by interosseous ligament or membrane

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8
Q

name the primary and secondary cartilagenous joints?

A

synchondrosis and symphysis respectively

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9
Q

give examples of a secondary cartilagenous joint

A

intervertebral joints, between manubrium and sternum, pubic symphysis

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10
Q

give examples of a primary cartilagenous joint

A

chondrosternal joint

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11
Q

what do primary cartilaginous joints permit?

A

growth, stability and some mobility

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12
Q

describe the components of a diarthrodial joint?

A

2 layers of joint capsule, joint cavity, synovial tissue, synovial fluid, hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

in what region is the joint capsule more thin, loose, and redundant?

A

shoulder (more mobile

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14
Q

in what region is the joint capsule more thick and dense?

A

hip (more stabile)

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15
Q

Describe the characteristics of the first joint capsule layer

A

stratum fibrosum: outer layer, composed of dense connective tissue, type I collagen fibers and is poorly vascularized but richly innervated

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16
Q

describe the characteristics of the second layer of the joint capsule

A

Stratum synovium: inner layer, synovial fluid production, highly vascularized and innervated

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17
Q

what is function of synovial fluid?

A

reduce friction between bony surfaces and nourishes the articular cartilgae

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18
Q

what is synovial fluid composed of?

A

hyaluronic acid (viscosity and friction reducing) and lubricin (cartilage -cartilage lubricant)

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19
Q

relationship between velocity and fluid viscosity?

A

indirect (as movement increases, viscosity decreases)…less resistance to movement

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20
Q

relationship between temperature and fluid viscosity?

A

indirect

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21
Q

shape of the superior facets of C1?

A

concave

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22
Q

shape of occipital condyles?

A

convex

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23
Q

what motion and to what degree does the OA joint allow?

A

20 degrees flexion and extension, 5 degrees sidebending, 1 degree rotation

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24
Q

shape of inferior facet of C1?

A

slightly convex

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25
Q

what is the normal amount of head extension?

A

45 degrees

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26
Q

if you are sidebending to the right describe the movement of the ipsilateral and contralateral OA joints

A

ipsilateral side moves inferomedialy, contralateral side moves superolaterally

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27
Q

if you are rotating to the right describe the movement of the ipsilateral and contralateral OA joints?

A

ipsilateral (posterior and superior), contralateral (anterior and superior)
Unscrewing bottle cap

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28
Q

what is the orientation of the C2 superior facets?

A

convex

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29
Q

how many joints create the AA joint?

A

3 (one median-atlanto axial, 2 lateral)

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30
Q

Main movement at the OA joint?

A

flexion and extension

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31
Q

main movement at the AA joint?

A

rotation

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32
Q

how many degrees of rotation does the AA joint provide?

A

40 degrees

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33
Q

normal amount of rotation expected?

A

45 degrees *summation of AA and osteokinematic motion

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34
Q

describe the arthrokinematics at AA joint during right sided rotation?

A

Right side (posterior and inferior) left side (anterior and inferior)

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35
Q

how are cervical discs different than lumbar?

A

cervical do not have a gelatinous center

36
Q

potential source of pain in cervical disc herniations?

A

strain or tear of the anterior anulus fibrosus from excessive extension

37
Q

arthrokinematics of typical vertebrae flexion?

A

anterior roll superior glide

38
Q

arthrokinematics of typical vertebrae extension

A

posterior roll inferior glide

39
Q

arthrokinematics of typical vertebrae sidebending

A

ipsilateral: inferior and posterior
Contra: superior and anterior

40
Q

arthrokinematics of typical vertebrae rotation

A

ipsilateral: inferior and posterior
contralateral: superior and anterior

41
Q

main function of the cruciform ligament?

A

protects spinal cord from dens

42
Q

characteristics of alar ligament?

A

Connect dens to median occiput
check reign for contralateral rotation and sidebending
Taut in flexion, lax in extension
rupture can be life threatening

43
Q

Describe the sequence the body moves in during a whip lash injury..

A

Head moves in direction of impending force
Compression of neck from below
head moves backwards
body elevates
head hits the seat and moves forward
max excursion (no force stopping the forward movement of head)

44
Q

what is the IAR?

A

instantaneous axis of rotation

45
Q

what happens to IAR during a whiplash injury?

A

IAR moves from C6 to C5, altering the angle and causing a compression force from C5 onto C6. can cause inferior process of C5 to chisel into Superior process of C6

46
Q

List and describe the classifications of disc herniations

A

Protrusion: annular fibers intact
prolapse: fibers disrupted, nucleus breaks through inner layer
Extrusion: Nucleus breaks through outer layer
Sequestration: nucleus separates from disc

47
Q

how does treatment approach change for the different disc herniation classifications?

A

it does not change treatment

48
Q

during head flexion what type of forces are acting on the vertebral discs?

A

anterior compression

49
Q

what happens to capital extensors with chronic protraction?

A

adaptive shortening, potential compression of greater occipital nerve

50
Q

main action of the capital extensors?

A

extend the head, ipsilateral rotation

51
Q

action of the splenius capitis m.

A

ipsilateral rotation/ sidebending + extension

52
Q

action of the semispinalis

A

contralateral rotation/sidebending + extension

53
Q

list the neck flexor muscles?

A

longus capitis/cervicis, scalenes, Sternocleidomastoid

54
Q

List the various loading moves?

A

Tension, compression, bending, shear, torsion, combined loading

55
Q

what structures resist tension?

A

ligaments, tendons, muscle, fascia, capsule

56
Q

what structures resist compression?

A

bone and cartilage

57
Q

function of proteoglycans?

A

prevent compression

58
Q

what hydrated fiber do we lose as we age?

A

proteglycans

59
Q

What do GAG’s attach to?

A

Proteoglycans

60
Q

what is a glycoprotein?

A

compound molecule containing carb linked to protein

61
Q

What ratio affects hydration of extracellular matrix?

A

Proportion of PG’s in the matrix

62
Q

What is the electrical charge of GAGs and what affect does this have?

A

Negatively charger, PGs will create a swelling pressure, causing water to flow into matrix

63
Q

Function of collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix?

A

resist and contain swelling (resist compressive force)

64
Q

High PG/GAG content in tissues that resist ____?

A

high compressive forces

65
Q

Low PG/GAG content in tissues that _______?

A

Resist tension

66
Q

what is the most abundent protein in the body?

67
Q

Where can you find type I collagen?

A

ligaments, tendons, menisci, joint capsules

68
Q

where can you find type II collagen?

A

hyaline cartilage, nucleus of disc

69
Q

What are the properties of elastin?

A

fibrous tissue allowing fibers to deform under force and return to original state

70
Q

What are some characteristics of tissue fibers?

A

slow healing, fibers orientated in direction force is applied

71
Q

what do cross links connect?

A

GAGs between two collagen molecules
Provide stabilization and tension

72
Q

what happens to cross links during a sprain/strain?

A

torn or disrupted

73
Q

Which type of tissue is more elastic, tissue or ligament?

74
Q

define the principle of overload?

A

tissue increase capability in response to overloading (stimulus)

75
Q

define the principle of specificity?

A

stimulus for adaptation elicits specific changes

76
Q

define the principle of reversibility?

A

stopping training causes changed to regress

77
Q

what happens if collagen content decreases?

A

atrophy of tendons and ligaments, decreased ability to resist tension

78
Q

define elasticity?

A

return to original form after load is removed

79
Q

Define plasticity?

A

permanent deformation

80
Q

define viscosity

A

property of a material to resist shear loads

81
Q

higher viscosity—> ____ rate of deformation

A

slower rate

82
Q

what happens to energy when an elastic material is loaded?

A

energy is stored and then released—> no energy loss

83
Q

What are viscoelastic materials?

A

can resist loads and return to original shape

84
Q

Relationship between rate and deformation?

A

higher rate–> more deformation potential (energy cannot be dissapated fast enough)

85
Q

Describe the principle of Creep?

A

Load is held constant, time changes

86
Q

Define the principle of stress relaxation?

A

time is held constant, load (strain changes)

87
Q

what % change in ROM do you want to see each week?

A

3-4% increase in ROM

PT Kines (4 decks)

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