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quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the distal segment doing in an open chain?

A

free to move

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2
Q

what is the distal segment doing in a closed chain?

A

fixed (proximal segment moves)

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3
Q

what are the two main types of joints?

A

synarthrosis and diarthrodial (synovial)

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4
Q

Name the three types of fibrous synarthrotic joints?

A

sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses

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5
Q

Describe the characteristics of a suture joint?

A

interlocking, united via collagenous sutural ligament or membrane

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6
Q

Describe the characteristics of a gomphosis joint?

A

surface adapted (peg in hole) connected via fibrous tissue

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7
Q

describe the characteristics of a syndesmosis joint?

A

mostly stability, bones joined by interosseous ligament or membrane

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8
Q

name the primary and secondary cartilagenous joints?

A

synchondrosis and symphysis respectively

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9
Q

give examples of a secondary cartilagenous joint

A

intervertebral joints, between manubrium and sternum, pubic symphysis

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10
Q

give examples of a primary cartilagenous joint

A

chondrosternal joint

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11
Q

what do primary cartilaginous joints permit?

A

growth, stability and some mobility

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12
Q

describe the components of a diarthrodial joint?

A

2 layers of joint capsule, joint cavity, synovial tissue, synovial fluid, hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

in what region is the joint capsule more thin, loose, and redundant?

A

shoulder (more mobile

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14
Q

in what region is the joint capsule more thick and dense?

A

hip (more stabile)

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15
Q

Describe the characteristics of the first joint capsule layer

A

stratum fibrosum: outer layer, composed of dense connective tissue, type I collagen fibers and is poorly vascularized but richly innervated

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16
Q

describe the characteristics of the second layer of the joint capsule

A

Stratum synovium: inner layer, synovial fluid production, highly vascularized and innervated

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17
Q

what is function of synovial fluid?

A

reduce friction between bony surfaces and nourishes the articular cartilgae

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18
Q

what is synovial fluid composed of?

A

hyaluronic acid (viscosity and friction reducing) and lubricin (cartilage -cartilage lubricant)

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19
Q

relationship between velocity and fluid viscosity?

A

indirect (as movement increases, viscosity decreases)…less resistance to movement

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20
Q

relationship between temperature and fluid viscosity?

A

indirect

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21
Q

shape of the superior facets of C1?

A

concave

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22
Q

shape of occipital condyles?

A

convex

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23
Q

what motion and to what degree does the OA joint allow?

A

20 degrees flexion and extension, 5 degrees sidebending, 1 degree rotation

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24
Q

shape of inferior facet of C1?

A

slightly convex

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25
what is the normal amount of head extension?
45 degrees
26
if you are sidebending to the right describe the movement of the ipsilateral and contralateral OA joints
ipsilateral side moves inferomedialy, contralateral side moves superolaterally
27
if you are rotating to the right describe the movement of the ipsilateral and contralateral OA joints?
ipsilateral (posterior and superior), contralateral (anterior and superior) Unscrewing bottle cap
28
what is the orientation of the C2 superior facets?
convex
29
how many joints create the AA joint?
3 (one median-atlanto axial, 2 lateral)
30
Main movement at the OA joint?
flexion and extension
31
main movement at the AA joint?
rotation
32
how many degrees of rotation does the AA joint provide?
40 degrees
33
normal amount of rotation expected?
45 degrees *summation of AA and osteokinematic motion
34
describe the arthrokinematics at AA joint during right sided rotation?
Right side (posterior and inferior) left side (anterior and inferior)
35
how are cervical discs different than lumbar?
cervical do not have a gelatinous center
36
potential source of pain in cervical disc herniations?
strain or tear of the anterior anulus fibrosus from excessive extension
37
arthrokinematics of typical vertebrae flexion?
anterior roll superior glide
38
arthrokinematics of typical vertebrae extension
posterior roll inferior glide
39
arthrokinematics of typical vertebrae sidebending
ipsilateral: inferior and posterior Contra: superior and anterior
40
arthrokinematics of typical vertebrae rotation
ipsilateral: inferior and posterior contralateral: superior and anterior
41
main function of the cruciform ligament?
protects spinal cord from dens
42
characteristics of alar ligament?
Connect dens to median occiput check reign for contralateral rotation and sidebending Taut in flexion, lax in extension rupture can be life threatening
43
Describe the sequence the body moves in during a whip lash injury..
Head moves in direction of impending force Compression of neck from below head moves backwards body elevates head hits the seat and moves forward max excursion (no force stopping the forward movement of head)
44
what is the IAR?
instantaneous axis of rotation
45
what happens to IAR during a whiplash injury?
IAR moves from C6 to C5, altering the angle and causing a compression force from C5 onto C6. can cause inferior process of C5 to chisel into Superior process of C6
46
List and describe the classifications of disc herniations
Protrusion: annular fibers intact prolapse: fibers disrupted, nucleus breaks through inner layer Extrusion: Nucleus breaks through outer layer Sequestration: nucleus separates from disc
47
how does treatment approach change for the different disc herniation classifications?
it does not change treatment
48
during head flexion what type of forces are acting on the vertebral discs?
anterior compression
49
what happens to capital extensors with chronic protraction?
adaptive shortening, potential compression of greater occipital nerve
50
main action of the capital extensors?
extend the head, ipsilateral rotation
51
action of the splenius capitis m.
ipsilateral rotation/ sidebending + extension
52
action of the semispinalis
contralateral rotation/sidebending + extension
53
list the neck flexor muscles?
longus capitis/cervicis, scalenes, Sternocleidomastoid
54
List the various loading moves?
Tension, compression, bending, shear, torsion, combined loading
55
what structures resist tension?
ligaments, tendons, muscle, fascia, capsule
56
what structures resist compression?
bone and cartilage
57
function of proteoglycans?
prevent compression
58
what hydrated fiber do we lose as we age?
proteglycans
59
What do GAG's attach to?
Proteoglycans
60
what is a glycoprotein?
compound molecule containing carb linked to protein
61
What ratio affects hydration of extracellular matrix?
Proportion of PG's in the matrix
62
What is the electrical charge of GAGs and what affect does this have?
Negatively charger, PGs will create a swelling pressure, causing water to flow into matrix
63
Function of collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix?
resist and contain swelling (resist compressive force)
64
High PG/GAG content in tissues that resist ____?
high compressive forces
65
Low PG/GAG content in tissues that _______?
Resist tension
66
what is the most abundent protein in the body?
COllagen
67
Where can you find type I collagen?
ligaments, tendons, menisci, joint capsules
68
where can you find type II collagen?
hyaline cartilage, nucleus of disc
69
What are the properties of elastin?
fibrous tissue allowing fibers to deform under force and return to original state
70
What are some characteristics of tissue fibers?
slow healing, fibers orientated in direction force is applied
71
what do cross links connect?
GAGs between two collagen molecules Provide stabilization and tension
72
what happens to cross links during a sprain/strain?
torn or disrupted
73
Which type of tissue is more elastic, tissue or ligament?
ligament
74
define the principle of overload?
tissue increase capability in response to overloading (stimulus)
75
define the principle of specificity?
stimulus for adaptation elicits specific changes
76
define the principle of reversibility?
stopping training causes changed to regress
77
what happens if collagen content decreases?
atrophy of tendons and ligaments, decreased ability to resist tension
78
define elasticity?
return to original form after load is removed
79
Define plasticity?
permanent deformation
80
define viscosity
property of a material to resist shear loads
81
higher viscosity---> ____ rate of deformation
slower rate
82
what happens to energy when an elastic material is loaded?
energy is stored and then released---> no energy loss
83
What are viscoelastic materials?
can resist loads and return to original shape
84
Relationship between rate and deformation?
higher rate--> more deformation potential (energy cannot be dissapated fast enough)
85
Describe the principle of Creep?
Load is held constant, time changes
86
Define the principle of stress relaxation?
time is held constant, load (strain changes)
87
what % change in ROM do you want to see each week?
3-4% increase in ROM

PT Kines (4 decks)

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