Quiz 2 Flashcards
Provides a true composition of the entire raw material delivery, process stream, or final product
Gross Sample
One that contains all the components in a raw material, process stream, or final product
Representative Sample
What sampling procedure must be made in static systems?
Multilevel Sampling
3 examples of devices used in sampling liquids
Coliwasas Sampler
Dipper
Bomb Sampler
2 examples of devices used in sampling homogeneous solids
Thief
Riffle
2 methods of sampling non-homogeneous solids
Coning and Quartering
Rolling and Quartering
Differentiate crushing and grinding
Crushing - Coarse
Grinding - Fine
The 3 main reasons for crushing and grinding
- To increase chemical reactivity by increasing surface area
- To change physical characteristics
- To improve mixing
Frequently used device in the chemical processes to produce very fine powders
Hammer Mill
Refers to the ease with which a particle of a material can be fractured so as to reduce its size
Grindability
What is the relationship between energy and grindability?
The less energy required, the greater the grindability
How is the reduction ratio computed?
Average particle size before grinding, divided by the average particle size after grinding
The process of selectively removing a solute from a mixture using a solvent
Extraction
Solvents incapable of mixing with each other to attain homogeneity and will separate from each other into separate phases
Immiscible Solvents
Solvents capable of being mixed in any ratio without separation into two phases
Miscible Solvents
What are the 7 steps in extraction for experimental purposes?
- Proper and Timely Collection
- Authentication
- Drying and Grinding
- Extraction
- Fractionation
- Isolation of bioactive compound
- Quantification of bioactive compound
What are the 7 types of herbal extracts?
Aqueous
Fluid/Liquid
Viscous
Tinctures
Dried
Oily
Vinegars
Insoluble or inert drug material that is left behind at the end of the extraction process
Marc
Suitable solvent for effective extraction process
Menstruum
Mixture of both the extracted drug material and the solvent of extraction
Micelle
Comprise active ingredients or secondary metabolites that possess biological activity
Medicinal Plant
Little to no medicinal properties (e.g. chlorophyll, amino acid)
Primary Plant Constituent
Responsible for activities (e.g. alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins)
Secondary Plant Constituent
(Secondary Metabolites)
What process can be used when extracting primary plant constituents?
Bioassay Guided Fractionation
What processes can be used when extracting secondary plant constituents?
Bioautography
TLC and antimicrobial testing
Fingerprinting and Immunoassays
What are the 4 factors to consider when choosing a solvent for plant extraction?
Type of plant
Part of plant to be extracted
Nature of the bioactive compounds
Availability
What are the 6 factors to consider in selecting solvents for extraction?
- Selectivity
- Reactivity
- Safety
- Recovery
- Cost
- Low viscosity and boiling point
What are the 6 factors to consider in choosing extraction method?
- Stability to heat
- Nature of solvent
- Cost
- Duration
- Final volume required
- Intended use
What are the 5 primary extraction processes?
Infusion
Decoction
Maceration
Percolation
Digestion
The process of extracting chemical compounds in a solvent by allowing the material to remain suspended in the solvent overtime
Infusion
Water-soluble and heat-stable constituents of hard and woody crude drugs are extracted out
Decoction
Process where the plant material is moistened with an appropriate amount of the solvent and allowed to stand for around 4 hours
Percolation
