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Analytical Methods in Biology > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Provides a true composition of the entire raw material delivery, process stream, or final product

A

Gross Sample

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2
Q

One that contains all the components in a raw material, process stream, or final product

A

Representative Sample

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3
Q

What sampling procedure must be made in static systems?

A

Multilevel Sampling

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4
Q

3 examples of devices used in sampling liquids

A

Coliwasas Sampler
Dipper
Bomb Sampler

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5
Q

2 examples of devices used in sampling homogeneous solids

A

Thief
Riffle

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6
Q

2 methods of sampling non-homogeneous solids

A

Coning and Quartering
Rolling and Quartering

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7
Q

Differentiate crushing and grinding

A

Crushing - Coarse
Grinding - Fine

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8
Q

The 3 main reasons for crushing and grinding

A
  1. To increase chemical reactivity by increasing surface area
  2. To change physical characteristics
  3. To improve mixing
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9
Q

Frequently used device in the chemical processes to produce very fine powders

A

Hammer Mill

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10
Q

Refers to the ease with which a particle of a material can be fractured so as to reduce its size

A

Grindability

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11
Q

What is the relationship between energy and grindability?

A

The less energy required, the greater the grindability

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12
Q

How is the reduction ratio computed?

A

Average particle size before grinding, divided by the average particle size after grinding

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13
Q

The process of selectively removing a solute from a mixture using a solvent

A

Extraction

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14
Q

Solvents incapable of mixing with each other to attain homogeneity and will separate from each other into separate phases

A

Immiscible Solvents

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15
Q

Solvents capable of being mixed in any ratio without separation into two phases

A

Miscible Solvents

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16
Q

What are the 7 steps in extraction for experimental purposes?

A
  1. Proper and Timely Collection
  2. Authentication
  3. Drying and Grinding
  4. Extraction
  5. Fractionation
  6. Isolation of bioactive compound
  7. Quantification of bioactive compound
17
Q

What are the 7 types of herbal extracts?

A

Aqueous
Fluid/Liquid
Viscous
Tinctures
Dried
Oily
Vinegars

18
Q

Insoluble or inert drug material that is left behind at the end of the extraction process

A

Marc

19
Q

Suitable solvent for effective extraction process

A

Menstruum

20
Q

Mixture of both the extracted drug material and the solvent of extraction

A

Micelle

21
Q

Comprise active ingredients or secondary metabolites that possess biological activity

A

Medicinal Plant

22
Q

Little to no medicinal properties (e.g. chlorophyll, amino acid)

A

Primary Plant Constituent

23
Q

Responsible for activities (e.g. alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins)

A

Secondary Plant Constituent
(Secondary Metabolites)

24
Q

What process can be used when extracting primary plant constituents?

A

Bioassay Guided Fractionation

25
Q

What processes can be used when extracting secondary plant constituents?

A

Bioautography
TLC and antimicrobial testing
Fingerprinting and Immunoassays

26
Q

What are the 4 factors to consider when choosing a solvent for plant extraction?

A

Type of plant
Part of plant to be extracted
Nature of the bioactive compounds
Availability

27
Q

What are the 6 factors to consider in selecting solvents for extraction?

A
  1. Selectivity
  2. Reactivity
  3. Safety
  4. Recovery
  5. Cost
  6. Low viscosity and boiling point
28
Q

What are the 6 factors to consider in choosing extraction method?

A
  1. Stability to heat
  2. Nature of solvent
  3. Cost
  4. Duration
  5. Final volume required
  6. Intended use
29
Q

What are the 5 primary extraction processes?

A

Infusion
Decoction
Maceration
Percolation
Digestion

30
Q

The process of extracting chemical compounds in a solvent by allowing the material to remain suspended in the solvent overtime

A

Infusion

31
Q

Water-soluble and heat-stable constituents of hard and woody crude drugs are extracted out

A

Decoction

32
Q

Process where the plant material is moistened with an appropriate amount of the solvent and allowed to stand for around 4 hours

A

Percolation

Analytical Methods in Biology (4 decks)

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