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Analytical Methods in Biology > FT: Q1 > Flashcards

FT: Q1 Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of Acids

A
  • Taste sour
  • React with metals to produce hydrogen gas
  • Neutralized when reacted with a base
  • Turns blue litmus paper red
  • Have hydrogen (H+) and hydronium (H3O) ions in solution
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2
Q

Properties of Bases

A
  • Taste bitter
  • Slippery
  • Do not react with metals
  • Neutralized when reacted with an acid
  • Turns red litmus paper blue
  • Have hydroxide (OH-1) ions in solution
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3
Q

Bronsted-Lowry Model
These are the proton donors

A

Acids

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4
Q

Bronsted-Lowry Model
- These are the proton acceptors

A

Bases

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5
Q

Two compounds differing only by the gain or loss of one H+

A

Conjugate Pair

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6
Q

Every acid has a conjugate base, formed when […]

A

H+ is removed from the acid

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7
Q

Every base has a conjugate acid, formed when […]

A

H+ is added to the base

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8
Q

Acids that contain only 1 proton of hydrogen
(e.g. HNO3)

A

Monoprotic

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9
Q

Acids that contain 2 or more protons of hydrogen
(e.g. H2SO4)

A

Polyprotic

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10
Q

Properties of a strong acid

A
  • Gives off lots of H+
  • 100% dissociation
  • HCl, HI, HBr, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO
  • Everything else is weak
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11
Q

Properties of a weak acid

A
  • Give off smaller amounts of H+
  • Equilibrium occurs (molecules break apart and recombine)
  • Not 100% dissociation
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12
Q

Properties of a strong base

A
  • Give off lots of OH-1
  • 100% dissociation
  • Group I & II hydroxides (except H, Be, Mg)
  • Everything else is weak
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13
Q

Properties of a weak base

A
  • Give off smaller amounts of OH-1
  • Equilibrium occurs
  • Not 100% dissociation
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14
Q

[…] tells you how much the acid or base dissociates

A

Strong/weak

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15
Q

[…] indicates the concentration

A

Concentrated/dilute

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16
Q

Tells the acidity or basicity of a solution

A

pH

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17
Q

In aqueous solutions, […] does not exist

A

H+

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18
Q

These contain hydrogen and dissociate to liberate free H+ and negatively charged ions

A

Acids

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19
Q

These combine with free H+ ions and remove it from the solution

A

Bases

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20
Q

What is the average pH of human blood?

A

7.4

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21
Q

At what blood pH levels is deadly?

A

< 6.8
> 8.0

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22
Q

A condition in which there is too much acid in bodily fluids (pH > 7.35)

A

Acidosis

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23
Q

A condition in which bodily fluids are too alkaline (pH < 7.45)

A

Alkalosis

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24
Q

These are protein molecules made up of amino acids, and most contain 100-1000 amino acids

A

Enzymes

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25
Q

Shift in the body’s […] disturbs normal patterns of […] catalyzed by enzymes

A

acid-base balance
metabolic activity

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26
Q

[…] is drinkable water that has a pH between 8-9

A

Alkaline water

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27
Q

Alkaline water has a low […] which has low unstable free radicals to harm the body

A

Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP)

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28
Q

A mixture whose pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it

A

Buffer

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29
Q

An aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa and is used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value

A

Buffer Solution

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30
Q

Buffer System
- Manages the acid-base imbalances, maintains optimal pH levels, and regulates the CO2 concentration
- Primary ECF buffer against noncarbonic acid changes

A

Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System

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31
Q

Buffer System
- Maintains acidity in and around cells and maintains constant H+ ions
- Primary ICF and ECF buffer

A

Protein Buffer System

32
Q

Buffer System
- Maintains normal pH of the human body
- Primary buffer against carbonic acid

A

Hemoglobin Buffer System

33
Q

Buffer System
- Maintains intracellular pH
- Urinary buffer

A

Phosphate Buffer System

34
Q

These systems minimize changes in pH

A

Chemical Buffer Systems

35
Q

Breathing that is too shallow or too slow to meet the needs of the body

A

Hypoventilation

36
Q

A critical condition that occurs when waste products associated with decreased kidney function build up in the blood

A

Uremia
or
Uremic Acidosis

37
Q

[…] offers a faster and convenient approach for removal of solid suspensions in comparison to classical filtration methods

A

Centifuging

38
Q

A physical separation method where dissolved solids can be removed by solutions by heating the solution

A

Evaporation

39
Q

[…] leads to separation of one or more liquids in a homogeneous mixture on the basis of differences in their boiling points

A

Distillation

40
Q

[…] plays a major role in isolation of pure fractions during refining of crude petroleum

A

Distillation

41
Q

[…] occurs when a material changes phase from solid directly to gas without melting into a liquid

A

Sublimation

42
Q

[…] is a process involving passing the mixture of charged species in a liquid through a column which retains oppositely charged ions and permits the ions bearing the same charge to pass through

A

Ion-exchange

43
Q

[…] is used to isolate mixture of liquids having different miscibilities by shaking them in a separation funnel

A

Solvent extraction

44
Q

A physical separation method used extensively in water purification

A

Ion-exchange

45
Q

A physical separation method where pure compounds are separated from a dissolved state in a solution by allowing it to cool to room temperature after seeding the solution with a crystal of the pure compound

A

Crystallization

46
Q

The basis of chemical separations is reactions producing […] which can be separated by physical processes

A

insoluble precipitates

47
Q

The reaction between different compounds in solution to form insoluble solid reaction products

A

Precipitation

48
Q

Produces insoluble products resulting from the reaction between a metal and a complexing agent

A

Complex formation

49
Q

[…] is an important biophysical technique that enables the separation, identification, and purification of the components of a mixture for qualitative and quantitative analysis

A

Chromatography

50
Q

An immobilized species that interacts chemically or physically with the molecules you wish to separate

A

Stationary Phase

51
Q

A solvent or buffer system that carries the molecules you wish to separate through the column in a manner that allows the molecules to encounter the stationary phase

A

Mobile Phase

52
Q

A specific chemical component of the mobile phase that causes the target molecules to elute from the column

53
Q

The target molecule that you wish to separate from impurities

54
Q

The combined mixture of analytes and impurities

A

Matrix
or
Sample Matrix

55
Q

Measured relative to the time of an analyte injection onto the stationary phase

A

Retention Time

56
Q

Measured relative to the amount of mobile phase

A

Retention Volume

57
Q

Main Types of Chromatography
A process where different compounds are adsorbed to different degrees based on the absorptivity of the component

A

Adsorption Chromatography

58
Q

Main Types of Chromatography
Here, a mobile phase is made to move over a stationary phase, thus carrying the components with higher absorptivity to a lower distance than that with lower absorptivity

A

Adsorption Chromatography

59
Q

The adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface

A

Adsorption

60
Q

A process in which atoms, molecules, or ions enter some bulk phase

A

Absorption

61
Q

Main Types of Chromatography
A process where the mixture of substances is separated into its components with the help of a glass plate coated with a very thin layer of adsorbent

A

Thin Layer Chromatography

62
Q

Main Types of Chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography
The plate used for this process is known as […]

A

chrome plate

63
Q

Main Types of Chromatography
A technique used to separate the components of a mixture using a column of suitable adsorbent packed in a glass tube

A

Column Chromatography

64
Q

Main Types of Chromatography
A continuous differential partitioning of components of a mixture into a stationary phase and mobile phase takes place

A

Partition Chromatography

65
Q

Main Types of Chromatography
Used for the purification of enzymes, hormones, antibodies, nucleic acids, and specific proteins

A

Affinity Chromatography

66
Q

Main Types of Chromatography
Affinity Chromatography
A […] which can make a complex with specific protein binds the filling material of the column

67
Q

Main Types of Chromatography
Based on electrostatic interactions between charged protein groups and solid support material

A

Ion-exchange Chromatography

68
Q

Positively charged ion-exchange matrices are called […] and adsorb negatively charged proteins

A

anion-exchange matrices

69
Q

Negatively charged ion-exchange matrices are called […] and adsorb positively charged proteins

A

cation-exchange matrices

70
Q

Main Types of Chromatography
A biochemical technique used to separate components in a mixture depending on interactions between these components

A

Affinity Chromatography

71
Q

Main Types of Chromatography
A form of liquid chromatography in which we can analyze ionic substances

A

Ion-exchange Chromatography

72
Q

Types of Chromatography
Stationary phase is a column which is placed in the device, and contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid

A

Gas Chromatography

73
Q

Types of Chromatography
A mobile phase passes through columns under 10-400 atmospheric pressure and with a high flow rate

A

High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography

74
Q

Types of Chromatography
A gas-liquid chromatography

A

Gas Chromatography

75
Q

The ratio of distance traveled by the analyte to that of the solvent front on a chromatogram

A

Retention Factor
(Rf)

Analytical Methods in Biology (4 decks)

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