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analytical methods in biology > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

Introduction to Analytical Methods, Evaluating Analytical Data, Safety Rules, Toxic Chemicals, Conversion of Units

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What are the 7 stages of an analytical method?

A
  1. Conception of analytical method (birth)
  2. Successful demonstration that the analytical method works
  3. Establishment of the analytical method’s capabilities
  4. Widespread acceptance of the analytical method
  5. Continued development of the analytical method leads to significant improvements
  6. New cycle from steps 3-5
  7. Analytical method can no longer compete with newer analytical methods (death)
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2
Q

Analytical Approach to Solving Problems:

What is Step 1?

A

Identify and Define the Problem

What is the problem’s context?
What type of information is needed?

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3
Q

Analytical Approach to Solving Problems:

What is Step 2?

A

Design Experimental Procedure

Establish design criteria
Identify potential interferents
Establish validation criteria
Select analytical method
Establish sampling strategy

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4
Q

Analytical Approach to Solving Problems:

What is Step 3?

A

Conduct Experiment & Gather Data

Calibrate instruments and equipment
Standardize reagents
Gather data

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5
Q

Analytical Approach to Solving Problems:

What is Step 4?

A

Analyze Experimental Data

Reduce and transform data
Complete statistical analysis
Verify results
Interpret results

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6
Q

Analytical Approach to Solving Problems:

What is Step 5?

A

Propose Solution to Problem

Is the answer sufficient?
Does answer suggest a new problem?

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7
Q

It provides chemical or physical information about a sample

A

Analysis

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8
Q

It determines the identity, concentration, or properties of an analyte

A

Analysis

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9
Q

It measures one or more of the analyte’s chemical or physical properties

A

Analysis

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10
Q

What do you call the component of interest in the sample?

A

Analyte

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11
Q

What do you call the remainder of the sample?

A

Matrix

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12
Q

It is any chemical or physical principle that can be used to study an analyte

A

Technique

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13
Q

It is the application of a technique for a specific analyte in a specific matrix

A

Method

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14
Q

A set of written directions stating how to apply a method to a particular sample

A

Procedure

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15
Q

A set of stringent guidelines specifying a procedure

A

Protocol

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16
Q

A technique responding to the absolute amount of analyte

A

Total Analysis

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17
Q

What are the most common signals for a total analysis technique?

A

Mass and Volume

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18
Q

A technique proportional to the relative amount of analyte in a sample

A

Concentration/Instrumental Techniques

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19
Q

These techniques are often called “classical” techniques

A

Gravimetry and Titremetry

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20
Q

What are the most common signals for a concentration/instrumental technique?

A

Optical and Electric signals

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21
Q

This technique is also known as “instrumental” techniques

A

Concentration/Instrumental Techniques

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22
Q

Spectroscopy and electrochemistry are examples of what technique?

A

Concentration/Instrumental Technique

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23
Q

This refers to how closely the results of an experiment agrees with the true or expected result

A

Accuracy

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24
Q

How can accuracy be expressed?

A

Absolute Error (e)
Percentage Error (%e)

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25
Q

A measure of variability, this refers to how closely the results of an experiment are between individual analyses.

A

Precision

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26
Q

A measure of a method’s ability to establish that the differences in the amount of analytes are significant

A

Sensitivity

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27
Q

If an analytical method’s signal depends only on the analyte, it is said to be?

A

Specific

28
Q

A measure of a method’s freedom from interferences

A

Selectivity

29
Q

What are the 2 common ways to estimate central tendency?

A

Mean
Median

30
Q

What is the most common estimation of central tendency

A

Mean

31
Q

Why is the mean a less robust estimate of central tendency than the median?

A

Because the mean is sensitive to extreme values while the median is not

32
Q

This provides an estimate of the differences or of the uncertainty in measurements

A

Measures of Spread

33
Q

Describes the spread of a data set’s individual values about its mean

A

Standard Deviation

34
Q

The square of the absolute standard deviation

A

Variance

35
Q

What formula is this:

e = Mean - µ

A

Absolute Error

36
Q

What formula is this:

%e = [(Mean - µ) / µ] * 100

A

Percent Relative Error

37
Q

What do you call errors affecting the accuracy of an analysis?

A

Determinate Error

38
Q

This error occurs when the sampling strategy does not provide a representative sample

A

Sample Error

39
Q

This error occurs when defective experimental methods are adopted

A

Method Error

40
Q

This error occurs when the instruments and/or equipment used during analysis are not properly calibrated

A

Measurement Error

41
Q

This error occurs when the researcher commits the error themselves

A

Personal Errors

42
Q

This type of determinate error is the same for all samples and is more significant when analyzing smaller samples of different sizes

A

Constant Determinate Error

43
Q

This type of determinate error depends on the amount of sample and is more difficult to detect

A

Proportional Determinate Error

44
Q

What are the 2 types of precision?

A

Repeatability
Reproducibility

45
Q

What errors affect precision, characterized by random variations in magnitude and direction?

A

Indeterminate Error

46
Q

This type of error tends to cancel, provided that enough measurements are made

A

Indeterminate Error

47
Q

Type of Precision:

When a single catalyst completes the analysis in a single session using the same solution, equipment, and instrumentation

A

Repeatability

48
Q

Type of Precision:

Under any other set of conditions, including between analyst or laboratory sessions for a single analyst; cannot be better than its repeatability

A

Reproducibility

49
Q

Measuring devices are subject to this error due to limitations in reading its scale

A

Indeterminate Error

50
Q

The difference between a single measurement or result and its expected value

A

Error

51
Q

The range of possible values for a measurement or result

A

Uncertainty

52
Q

This is done to determine whether the difference between two or more values is too large to be explained by indeterminate errors

A

Significance Testing

53
Q

This hypothesis states that indeterminate error is sufficient to explain any differences in the data

A

Null Hypothesis
H0

54
Q

This hypothesis states that the differences are too great to be explained by random error and, therefore, must be determinate

A

Alternative Hypothesis
Ha

55
Q

Defines the probability that we reject the null hypothesis when it is in fact true

A

Confidence Level
α = 1 - confidence level/100

56
Q

What are the 4 steps for a statistical analysis of data?

A
  1. Pose a question and state the null and alternative hypotheses
  2. Choose a confidence level for the statistical analysis
  3. Calculate an appropriate test statistic and compare it to a critical value
  4. Either retain the null hypothesis or reject it
57
Q

Defined as the ability of a chemical to cause a harmful effect after a single exposure

A

Acute Toxicity

58
Q

Refers to clothing, eyewear, gloves, helmets, footwear, and other garments that provide protection to the wearer from bodily injury or exposure

A

Personal Protective Equipment

59
Q

A globally recognized source of information for the inherent properties, safe handling guidelines, and hazards of a chemical

A

Material Safety Data Sheet

60
Q

What are Class A fires and what can be used to extinguish it?

A

Flammable Materials
- Water
- Dry Chemical Powder ABE
- Carbon Dioxide
- Foam
- Wet Chemical

61
Q

What are Class B fires and what can be used to extinguish it?

A

Flammable Liquids
- Dry Chemical Powder ABE
- Dry Chemical Powder BE
- Carbon Dioxide
- Foam

62
Q

What are Class C fires and what can be used to extinguish it?

A

Flammable Gases
- None

63
Q

What are Class D fires and what can be used to extinguish it?

A

Flammable Metals
- None

64
Q

What are Class E fires and what can be used to extinguish it?

A

Electrical Equipment
- Dry Chemical Powder ABE
- Dry Chemical Powder BE
- Carbon Dioxide

65
Q

What are Class F fires and what can be used to extinguish it?

A

Cooking Fats and Oils
- Dry Chemical Powder BE
- Foam

66
Q

How to use a fire extinguisher?

A

Pull the pin
Aim at the base of fire
Squeeze lever
Sweep side to side

analytical methods in biology (4 decks)

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