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1
Q

What are the chambers in the heart?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle , left atrium and left ventricle

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2
Q

What are the two valves in the heart

A

Semilunar valve, and Atrioventricular valve

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3
Q

Where is the semilunar valve located?

A

Between a ventricle and blood vessel

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4
Q

What valves does the semilunar valve include?

A

Pulmonary(right) and aortic(left) valves

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5
Q

What is in the electrical system of the heart

A

Sinoatrical node, atrovenicular node, purkinje fibers

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6
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart

A

The Sinoatrial Node

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7
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart

A

The Sinoatrial Node

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8
Q

Which parts of the heart is deoxidized?

A

The right atrium and right ventricle

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9
Q

Which part of the heart is rich of oxygen?

A

The left atrium and left ventricle

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10
Q

How does the blood flow in the Systole?
(Heart contracts)

A

Blood flows into the aorta from the left ventricle, and pulmonary artery from the right ventricle.

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11
Q

How does blood flow in the diastole (Heart is relaxed)

A

blood moves from atrium to ventricles filling it up.

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12
Q

What’s the function of the right atrium? And what happens after the blood leaves the right ventricle?

A

The right atrium receives the oxygen poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle then the lungs where it becomes oxygenated

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13
Q

What’s the function of the left atrium? And what happens when you leave the chamber

A

It receives the oxygen rich blood from the lungs then pumps it to the left ventricle.

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14
Q

What do the lungs do for our blood?

A

Give them oxyfen

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15
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle and what happens when you leave the right ventricle?

A

It pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs, and then that blood gets oxygenated

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16
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body

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17
Q

What is the artery’s purpose ?

A

Carry oxygen rich blood from your heart to your body.

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18
Q

What are characteristics of the artery?

A

Strong, muscular and thick, located deep in the muscle. Has no valves, except the pulmonary artery.

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19
Q

What is the veins purpose?

A

Collect oxygen poor blood and return it to your heart.

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20
Q

Where are the veins located?

A

All over your body.

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21
Q

What is the capillary?

A

It transports blood, nutrients, and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems

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22
Q

What are some characteristics of capillary?

A

Thin walls, very small; are located inside all tissues, do not have muscle tissues nor valves

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23
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

A network of veins, lymphatics and arteries that move blood and other tissue fluids from the heart to the lungs, then back.

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24
Q

What is coronary circulation ?

A

The circulation of bloods in arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle

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25
What is the myocardium
Heart muscle
26
What is vasodilation?
The widening of your blood vessels and it increases heat loss
27
What is vasodilation? And when does it occur?
The widening of your blood vessels and it increases heat loss, and it occurs when body temperature rises
28
What is vasoconstriction? And when does it occur?
The narrowing / contraction of blood vessels. It occurs when body temperature falls
29
How is heat loss regulated?
The nervous system controls how much blood flows closer to the e skins surface
30
How does blood clot?
The injury to vessel lining triggers the release of clotting factors, then vasoconstriction limits blood flow and platelets form a sticky plug, then fibrin strands adhere to the plug to form an insoluble clot.
31
What are clotting factors?
Prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin
32
What is the fluid portion in blood?
55% blood, also named plasmas
33
What is the percentage of the solid portion in blood?
45%
34
What is the percentage white blood cells make up of blood
1-2%
35
Where are plasmas made?
The bone marrow
36
What are platelets and what’s the % rate
1-2% of blood, They’re tiny broken up blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding
37
Where is the ingredients made for the solid portion of blood?
The bone marrow
38
What % of blood is in red blood cells and what is it made up of?
Hemoglobin , 41%
39
What are two blood disorders that make blood not clot?
Hemophilia and Von Willebrand Disease
40
How can you prevent blood clotting?
Medications, and being active
41
What would blood do to maintain balance (homeostatic regulation) in the body)
Blood flow to a tissue increases, when that tissue becomes more active.
42
What are antibodies?
proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body
43
What are 4 functions of blood?
- it transports oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues. - homeostatic (automatic process) regulation usually linked to temperature - it carries cells and antibodies that fight infection. - it brings waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood.
44
What valves are in the atrioventricular valve?
Mitral (left), tricuspid (right) valves
45
Where is the atrioventricular valve located
Between a atrium and ventricle
46
What is the largest blood vessel in the body?
Aorta
47
Where is the fluid portion in blood made?
The bone marrow
48
What is systemic circulation?
Carries oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle, to organs and tissues of the body
49
What is systemic circulation?
Carries oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle, to organs and tissues of the body
50
What is systolic pressure?
The maximum blood pressure during contraction of the ventricles
51
What is diastolic pressure
The minimum pressure recorded just prior to the next contraction
52
What is cardiac output?
Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
53
What is heart rate?
Number of beats per minute
54
What is stroke volume?
Volume of blood pumped by left ventricle per minute
55
What is the circulatory system
f blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart
56
What is the circulatory system
blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart
57
what is the lymphatic system and what does it connect to
it connects to the circulatory system and immune system, and is a network of vessels connected to glands and nodes
58
Name 6 Functions of the Lymphatic System
- Carries digested fat through the body. - location of lymphocyte(white blood cell) maturation and contains macrophages - removes cellular waste - creates white blood cells - Lymph (colourless/yellowish fluid of the lymphatic system) -fluid is circulating between blood plasma, lymph and interstitial space
59
What happens to WBC & Macrophages (engulf & destroy pathogens) in the lymphatic system?
They mature in the lymphatic system
60
What happens to lymph nodes during infection?
They get swollen.
61
What are some physical barriers in the innate immune system?
Skin, hair, mucus and chemical secretions, digestive enzymes in mouth, stomach acid.
62
What are some internal defences in the innate immune system
Inflammatory response, complement proteins, phagocytosis cells, Natural Killer Cells
63
What are some defenses in the adaptive immune system?
- Antibodies - the humoral immune response - cell meditated immune response - memory response
64
What are Erthrocytes?
Red blood cells
65
What are Leukocytes
White blood cells
66
What is an antigen?
Help your body get rid of foreign matter.
67
What’s an RH factor?
An additional antigen on red blood cells
68
If it’s RH positive what does that mean?
The RH factor is present
69
What is an agglutination?
Clumping of red blood cells, and it occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed
70
The first heart sound, the “lub” of the “lub-dub” sound is caused by?
The contraction of the ventricles
71
Individuals with this blood type have no antibodies reacting to ABO ANTIGENS
O
72
What is hypertension?
Unhealthy eating patterns
73
What is the main cause of Leukemia?
Genetic changes in the bone marrow cells
74
What’s a second level defense of the body?
Macrophages
75
A person with a higher than normal number of Leucocytes in the blood may be diagnosed with
Leukemia
76
A person with a lower than normal red blood cell count might have difficulties with?
Running a marathon
77
What is the function of monocytes (second line of defense)
Find and destroy germs, (viruses, bacteria fungi and Protozoa), and eliminate infected cells.
78
What are the functions of neutrophils (second line of defense)
They help prevent infections by blocking , disabling, digesting or warding off invading particles and microorganisms
79
What’s the function of macrophages (second line of defence)
Detects and destroys bacteria and other harmful organisms
80
What is the function of memory B cells (third line of defence)
These cells remain in the bloodstream and are able to act quickly if the antibody is encountered again
81
What are antibodies?
Proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body
82
What are Plasma Cells B type? (Third line of defense)
Secrete immunoglobulin/antibodies
83
What’s secrete mean?
To form and release a substance
84
What are Helper T Cells function? (Third line)
Help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes and help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells
85
What are cytotoxic T cells?
It’s a type of immune cell that destroys cells with viruses.
86
What is killer T cells function? (Third line)
A type of immune cell that can kill certain cells, including foreign cells, cancer cells and cells infected with a virus
87
What’s the function of Suppressor T Cells (Third line)
It blocks the actions of some other types of lymphocytes to keep the immune system from becoming over active.
88
What’s a lymphocyte?
A type of white blood cell in the immune system of most veterbrates
89
Whatever blood type you have is the same red cell antigen you have, and the opposite antibody you produce, you cannot produce the same cell antigen as an antibody. give an example
Blood Type: AB, Red Cell Antigen: AB, Antibody Produced, neither.
90
If your blood type is O, what is your red cell antigen and what antibodies do you produce?
red cell antigen: neither; antibody produced: both.
91
What are some of the steps of the order of Cardiac System
SA ( sinoatrial) NODE sends out an electrical stimulus , muscles of the atria contract, Av node transmits an electrical impulse, then muscles of the ventricles contract,
92
What’s the order in which events listed above occur during antibody meditate immunity?
T Cells bind to the B cell antibody-antigen complex activating the B cell, B cell enlarges and divides to produce memory B cells and plasma cells, Plasma cells produce large quantities of antibodies, Memory ab cells remain in the blood ready to trigger another response

Circulaory systemt (11 decks)

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