Quiz Flashcards
5 theories of development
• Psychoanalytic theories
• Cognitive theories
• Behavioral and Social Cognitive theories
• Ethological theories
• Ecological theories
3 natures of development
• biological
• cognitive
• socioemotional
Produce change in an individual’s physical nature
Biological process
Refers to the changes in the individual’s thought, intellegence, and language
Cognitive process
Involve changes in individuals relationship with other people changes in emotion and changes in personality
Socioemotional process
Explores links between development, cognitive process, and brain
Developmental cognitive neuroscience
Examines connections between socioemotional process, development, and brain
Developmental social neuroscience
Refers to the time frame in a person’s life
Developmental period
9 period sequence
- Prenatal stage
- Infancy
- Toddler
- Early childhood
- Middle and late childhood
- Adolescence
- Early adulthood
- Middle adulthood
- Late adulthood
Begins during the 60s or 70s and last until death
Late adulthood
Approximately 40 to 60 years of age
Middle adulthood
Begins in early 20s and last through 30s
Early adulthood
Transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to us
Emerging adulthood
Developmental period from about to 6 to 10 or 11 years of age
Middle and late childhood
Development period from 3 to 5 years of age
Early childhood
Often use to describe a child from about 1 ½ to 3 years of age
Toddler
Developmenta period from birth to 18 or 24 months
Infancy
The time from conception to birth
Prenatal period
Birth to 1 ½ years, infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth
Oral stage
1 ½ to 3 yrs. Child’s pleasure focuses on the anus
Anal stage
3 to 6 yrs, child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals
Phallic Stage
6 yrs to puberty. Child’s represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills
Latency Stage
Puberty onward, a time of sexual reawakening source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family
Genital stage
Recognized Freud’s contribution but believed that Freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
• the primary motivation of human behavior is sexual nature
• The basic personality is shaped during the first 5 yrs of life
• Viewed early experience as being far more important than later experience
Sigmund Freud
• It is social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people
• developmental changes occur throughout the life span
• emphasize the importance of both early and later experience
Erik Erikson
8 stages of development
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- Initiative vs Guilt
- Industry vs Inferiority
- Identity vs Identity Confusion
- Intimacy vs Isolation
7.Generativity vs Stagnation - Integrity vs Despair
Experience the 1st period of life, development of trust during infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live
Trust vs Mistrust
Occurs in late infancy and toddlerhood (1 - 3 yrs old) after gaining trust in their caregivers, infants begin to discover that their behavior is their own
- realized of own will
- start to assert sense of independence or autonomy
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- Occurs during preschool year
- Feeling of guilt may arise, though if the child is irresponsible and is made to feel too anxious
Initiative vs Guilt
- Occurs approximately during elementary school year
- need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills
Industry vs Inferiority
- occurs during adolescence
- individuals need to find out who they are going in life
Identity vs Indentity Confusion
- experience during early adulthood
- stage where individual face the developmental task of forming inmate relationship
Intimacy vs Isolation
- Occurs during middle adulthood
- concern for helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives
Generativity vs Stagnation
Final stage of development, which individuals experience in late adulthood
- person reflects on the past
Integrity vs Despair
describe development as primarily unconscious (beyond awareness) and heavily colored by emotion. Psychoanalytic theorists also stress that early experiences with parents extensively shape development.
Psychoanalytic theories
he became convinced that their problems were the result of experiences early in life. He thought that as children grow up, their focus of pleasure and sexual impulses shifts from the mouth to the anus and eventually to the genitals.
Freud’s Theory
Psychoanalytic theories emphasize the importance of the unconscious, cognitive theories accentuate conscious thoughts.
Cognitive Theories
This theory states that children go through four stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world.
Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory
Two processes underlie this cognitive construction of the world
organization and adaption.
Four (4) Stages of Cognitive Development
• Sensorimotor Stage
• Preoperational Stage
• Concrete Operational Stage
• Format Operational Stage
Last from birth to 2 years of age - First Piaget stage.
- Infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (such as seeing and hearing) with physical, motoric actions – hence the term sensorimotor.
Sensorimotor Stage
Last from approximately 2 to 7 years of age.
- Piaget’s second stage.
- Children begin to go beyond connecting sensory information with physical action and represent the world with words, images, and drawings.
Preoperational Stage
Last from 7 to 11 years of age. - Third Piaget’s stage.
- Children can perform operations that involve objects, and they can reason logically when the reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples.
Concrete Operational Stage
Appears between ages of 11 and 15 and continuous through adulthood. - Individuals move beyond concrete and begin to think in abstract and more logical terms.
Format Operational Stage
a Russian developmentalist argued that children actively construct their knowledge
Lev Vygotsky
- Sociocultural cognitive theory emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.
- Cognitive development involves learning to use the intentions of the society, such as language, mathematical system, and memory strategies.
- According to Vygotsky, children’s social interaction with more skilled adults and peers is indispensable to their cognitive development. Through this interaction, they learn to use the tools that will help them adapt and be successful in their culture.
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
- Emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.
- Does not describe development as stage-like. Individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for processing information, which allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills.
The Information – Processing Theory
We can study scientifically only what can be directly observed and measured. Out of the behavioral tradition grew the belief that development is observable behavior that can be learned through experience with the environment
Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
A behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus is less likely to recur, whereas a behavior followed by a punishing stimulus is less likely to recur.
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development.
- Albert Bandura leading architect of social cognitive theory. Emphasizes that cognitive processes have important links with the environment and behavior.
- Observation learning (also called imitation or modeling), which is learning that occurs through observing what others do.
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
Theory
Ethology stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
Ethological Theory
holds that
development reflects
the influence of
several
environmental
systems.
Ecological Theory
five environmental systems:
microsystem,
mesosystem,
exosystem,
macrosystem,
chronosystem
Is the setting in which the individual lives.
- Includes people in your immediate circle.
- Has a bidirectional influence.
Microsystem
Involves relations between microsystems or connections between context
Mesosystem
Consists of links between a social
setting in which the individual does
not have an active role and the
individual’s immediate context.
Exosystem
Involves the culture in which
individuals live
Macrosystem
Consists of the patterning of
environmental events, transitions
over the life course, and sociohistorical circumstances.
Chronosystem
5 stages of psychosexual development
- Oral stage
- Anal stage
- Phallic stage
- Genital stage
- Latency stage
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