Prelim Flashcards
3 domains of development
•Physical development
•Cognitive development
•Psychosocial development
Emotions, personality, and social relationships
Psychosocial development
Learning attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning and creativity
Cognitive development
Growth of the body and brain, sensory capacity, motor skills and health
Physical development
Branch of psychology focus on how people grow, change over the course of lifetime
Developmental psychology
Early adulthood is not the end of development (not the end point) of the continous process of development
Lifelong
No matter what age you might be, your body, mind, emotions, and relationships are changing and affecting each other
Multidimensional
Dimensions or components of dimension expands.
Multidirectional
Kakayahang magbago or capacity to change
Plastic
Developmemt can be view through various academic discipline
Multidisciplinary
Occurs within context
Contextual
3 development process
Biological process
Cognitive process
Socioemotional process
Change in physical nature
Biological process
Change in thought, intellegence and language
Cognitive process
Change in relationship with other people, emotions and personality
Socioemotional process
Refers to the time frame of persons life
Developmental period
Conception to birth
Prenatal period
18 to 24 months, extreme dependence upon adults
Infancy
3 to 5 yrs old also known as preschool year
Early childhood
6 to 10/11 yrs old elementary school years
Middle and late childhood
10-12 to 18-21 transition from childhood to adulthood
Adolescence
20s to 30s establishing personal and economic independence
Early adulthood
40s to 50s expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility assisting the next generation in becoming competent and mature individuals
Middle adulthood
60s to 70 till death, longest span on periods of development, time of life review retirement and adjustment to new social roles and diminishing strength and health
Late adulthood
Transitional period between infancy and early adulthood
Toddler
Transition from adolescence to adulthood
Emerging adulthood
4 developmental issues
Nature vs nurture
Maturation
Stability vs change
Continuity vs discontinuity
Starts with the prenatal environment in the womb and continuing throughout life
Nature vs Nurture
Biological inheritance
Nature
Environmental experience
Nurture
Unfolding of natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes
Maturation
Involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change
Stability Vs Change
Result of heredity and possibly early life experience
Stability
Structures of mind
Id
Ego
Superego
Pleasurable, immediate gratification
ID
Reason, reality principle, protected and preserved by different defense mechanism
EGO
Conscience, socially approved, should and should not, moral, highly demanding
SUPEREGO
The 3 important cognitive theories are
Piaget’s cognitive theory of development
Lev Vygotsky sociocultural cognitive theory
Information - processing theory
This theory states that children go through 4 stages of cognitive development as they construct understanding of the world
Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory
2 process this cognitive construction of the world
Organization and adaptation
Gave social interaction and culture far more important roles in cognitive development than Piaget did
Lev Vygotsky
Emphasizes and culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
Emphasizes that individual manipulate information, monitor it and strategize about it
Information - processing theory
A leading expert on children’s information process
Robert Siegler
We can study scientifically only what we can be directly observed and measured
Behavioral and social cognitive theory
A behavior follwed by a rewarding stimulus is more likely to recur whereas a behavior followed by punishing stimulus is less likely to recur
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Learning theory explains how people learn by observing imitating and modeling the behavior of others
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
Stresses that behavior is strongly influence by biology, is tied to evolution and characterized by critical or sensitive periods
Ethological Theory
Stressed that attachment to caregiver over the 1st year of life has important consequences throughout the life span
John Bowly
This theory holds that development reflects the influence of several environmental systems.
Ecological theory
Five environmetal systems
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Macrosystem
Exosystem
Chronosystem
5 theories of Development
• Psychoanalytic theories
• Cognitive theories
• Behavioral and Social Cognitive theories
• Ethological theories
• Ecological theories
9 period sequence
- Prenatal stage
- Infancy
- Toddler
- Early childhood
- Middle and late childhood
- Adolescence
- Early adulthood
- Middle adulthood
- Late adulthood
Birth to 1 ½ years, infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth
Oral stage
1 ½ to 3 yrs. Child’s pleasure focuses on the anus
Anal stage
3 to 6 yrs, child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals
Phallic stage
6 yrs to puberty. Child’s represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills
Latency stage
Puberty onward, a time of sexual reawakening source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family
Genital stage
Recognized Freud’s contribution but believed that Freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
• the primary motivation of human behavior is sexual nature
• The basic personality is shaped during the first 5 yrs of life
• Viewed early experience as being far more important than later experience
Sigmund Freud
• It is social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people
• developmental changes occur throughout the life span
• emphasize the importance of both early and later experience
Erik Erikson
8 stages of development
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- Initiative vs Guilt
- Industry vs Inferiority
- Identity vs Identity Confusion
- Intimacy vs Isolation
7.Generativity vs Stagnation - Integrity vs Despair
Experience the 1st period of life, development of trust during infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live
Trust vs Mistrust
Occurs in late infancy and toddlerhood (1 - 3 yrs old) after gaining trust in their caregivers, infants begin to discover that their behavior is their own
- realized of own will
- start to assert sense of independence or autonomy
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Feeling of guilt may arise, though if the child is irresponsible and is made to feel too anxious
Initiative vs Guilt
- Occurs approximately during elementary school year
- need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills
Industry vs Inferiority
-occurs during adolescence
- individuals need to find out who they are going in life
Identity vs Identity Confusion
- experience during early adulthood
- stage where individual face the developmental task of forming inmate relationship
Intimacy vs isolation
Occurs during middle adulthood
- concern for helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives
Generativity vs Stagnation
Final stage of development, which individuals experience in late adulthood
- person reflects on the past
Integrity vs Despair
4 stages of Cognitive Development
• Sensorimotor Stage
• Preoperational Stage
• Concrete Operational Stage
• Format Operational Stage
Last from birth to 2 years of age - First Piaget stage.
- Infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (such as seeing and hearing) with physical, motoric actions – hence the term sensorimotor.
Sensori motor stage
Last from approximately 2 to 7 years of age.
- Piaget’s second stage.
- Children begin to go beyond connecting sensory information with physical action and represent the world with words, images, and drawings.
Preoperational stage
Last from 7 to 11 years of age. - Third Piaget’s stage.
- Children can perform operations that involve objects, and they can reason logically when the reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples.
Concrete operational stage
Appears between ages of 11 and 15 and continuous through adulthood. - Individuals move beyond concrete and begin to think in abstract and more logical terms.
Format operational stage
Is the setting in which the individual lives.
- Includes people in your immediate circle.
- Has a bidirectional influence.
Microsysten
Is the setting in which the individual lives.
- Includes people in your immediate circle.
- Has a bidirectional influence.
Microsysten
Involves relations between microsystems or connections between context
Mesosystem
Consists of links between a social
setting in which the individual does
not have an active role and the
individual’s immediate context.
Exosystem
Involves the culture in which
individuals live
Macrosystem
Consists of the patterning of
environmental events, transitions
over the life course, and sociohistorical circumstances.
Chronosystem
Thought is more logical, abstract and idealistic. More time is spent
Adolescence
A time of establishing personal and economic independence advancing a career and for many selecting a mate, learning to live with that person in an intimate way, starting a family and rearing children
Early adulthood
A time of life review retirement and adjustment to new social role and diminishing strength and health
Late adulthood
Experimentation and exploration characterize
Emerging adulthood
Time of expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility of assisting the next generation in becoming competent nature individuals and of reaching and maintaining satisfaction in career
Middle adulthood
Preschool year
Early childhood
Period of prenatal development that takes place during the 1st two weeks after conception
Geminal period
Period of prenatal development that occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after conception
Embryonic period
Prenatal period between 2 months after conception and birth in typical pregnancies
Fetal period
Prenatal environment of unborn child
Womb
Beginning of human
Conception
Total number of chromosomes organize into 23 pairs
46
Through this process of cell division a single celled zygote form at conception becomes a multi celled organism
Mitosis
Is the specialized process of cell division
Meoisis
Is made up of sequence of chemical adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
DNA
Other term for identical twin
Monozygotic
Other term for fraternal twin
Dizygotic
Pair of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes
23rd
Is inherited to develop disorders
Predisposition
describe development as primarily unconscious (beyond awareness) and heavily colored by emotion
Psychoanalytic theories
