Quiz 10 Flashcards
Give (in your own words) a definition for apraxia of speech. Explain how it relates to weakness.
Apraxia of speech is a motor programming speech disorder, effecting prosody and articulation, due to brain damage. Significant weakness is not a symptom of apraxia of speech.
Briefly explain the characteristics of apraxia in relation to articulatory complexity, phoneme position, phoneme frequency. What is the “consistency effect”? What type of phonemic errors are most common?
As the complexity of motor adjustments required of the articulators increases, articulatory errors increase. The position of a phoneme within a word influences articulatory errors. For example, initial consonants tend to be misarticulated more often. Phonemes that are used more frequently tend to have less articulatory errors than phonemes that are used less frequently.
The “consistency effect” is when someone with AOS makes the same errors at the same loci from trial to trial.
Substitutions are the most common phonemic errors made.
What is oral apraxia? What are the typical characteristics?
Oral apraxia is a difficulty moving the muscles of the lips, tongue, mandible, and larynx in non-speech tasks like coughing or swallowing.
Explain 3 ways to differentiate apraxia from dysarthria.
Dysarthria usually involves all levels of speech (respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, and prosody) and apraxia is primarily a disorder of articulation and prosody.
For apraxia of speech neurologic examination reveals no slowness, weakness, incoordination, or alteration of tone of speech musculature. It does with dysarthria.
People with dysarthria normally do not grope for correct articulatory positions and are not successful at immediate self-correction. People with apraxia of speech do grope for correct articulatory positions and attempt self-correction that is at times successful immediately.
Explain the first 3 main steps of the Sound Production Treatment.
- The clinician says the target item and requests a repetition
- The clinician shows the printed letter representing the target sound, says the target word, and requests a repetition.
- The clinician uses integral stimulation up to 3 times to elicit the target word.
What does PROMPT stand for? Basically, how does it work?
Prompts for restructuring oral musculature phonetic targets.
It uses the client’s kinesthetic knowledge. The clinician provides tactile cues, like touching the clients nose for nasal sounds, and the length of time the cue is held is the length of time the client should produce the sound. Once this is done, the tactile input is combined with visual and auditory input.
What does MIPT stand for? Basically, how does it work?
Multiple input phoneme therapy.
First the clinician repeats the stereotypic utterance, then the client repeats along with the clinician, and then they both tap simultaneously along with the utterance. The initial phoneme of the utterance is stressed. Gradually the clinician fades their voice until they are only mouthing the word and the client is saying it. Other words beginning with the same phoneme are introduced and repeated as well.
Explain how to implement the minimal contrast approach to therapy.
Minimal contrasts are single words that differ by one phoneme. They bolster individual consonant sounds and surrounding consonant sounds.
Explain three problems in middle stage management for Alzheimer’s disease.
Memory deficits are bad.
When they talk, they really will start to make less sense.
Start having difficulties taking care of themselves.
Does damage to the motor strip typically cause severe dysarthria? Explain how the cerebellum contributes to speech.
No, damage to the motor strip relates more to apraxia of speech than dysarthria.
The cerebellum is the area that smooths out speech. It makes speech less jerky and robotic.
Name cranial nerves V and VII. Explain how they contribute to speech.
V – Trigeminal – It is motor for the jaw. Damage here typically does not affect speech unless the damage is bilateral.
VII – Facial – Movement of the face, especially the lips. The lips are very important for speech production.
Name cranial nerves IX, X and XII. Explain how they contribute to speech.
IX – Glossopharyngeal – It is motor for the pharyngeal movements. Damage here could cause hypernasality.
X – Vagus – Motor for larynx, pharynx, vallum, and base of tongue. Damage here could also cause hypernasality. It may also cause breathiness and/or harshness due to an inability to abduct/adduct the vocal folds.
XII – Hypoglossal – Motor for the tongue. This could cause problems with articulation.
What does UMN and LMN stand for? What kind of muscle tone deficit is associated with damage to UMNs and LMNs? What kind of dysarthria is associated with each? Are cranial nerves UMN or LMN?
UMN is upper motor neuron and LMN is lower motor neuron. Damage to UMN causes hypertonicity (muscles are too tight) and damage to LMN causes hypotonicity (not enough muscle tone). Damage to LMN is associated with Flaccid dysarthria and damage to UMN is associated with spastic dysarthria. Cranial nerves are LMN.
