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micro > quiz 1- week 1/2 > Flashcards

quiz 1- week 1/2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells have them.

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2
Q

Why is understanding bacterial structure important in treating infections?

A

It helps target specific bacterial structures, such as cell walls, for effective treatment.

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3
Q

What are the shapes of bacteria?

A

Spherical (strep - chain of grapes, staph - cluster of grapes) and rod (e.g., E. coli, P. aeruginosa).

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4
Q

What evolutionary traits help bacteria survive?

A

Thick outer envelopes, compact genomes, and tightly coordinated gene expression.

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5
Q

What does a Gram stain reveal about bacterial cell walls?

A

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer; Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

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6
Q

What is the Limulus test used for?

A

To differentiate between live and dead gram-negative bacteria using horseshoe crab blood.

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7
Q

What are the functions of bacterial capsules?

A

To stick to surfaces and evade the immune system.

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8
Q

What is the role of flagella in bacteria?

A

Movement.

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9
Q

What are membrane proteins used for?

A

Transport, receiving signals, and secreting toxins.

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10
Q

What is the function of teichoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria?

A

It connects peptidoglycan, retains the Gram-positive stain, and acts as an antigen for the immune system.

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11
Q

What is peptidoglycan’s role in bacterial cells?

A

It provides protection from the environment and is a key component of the cell wall, especially in Gram-positive bacteria.

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12
Q

What are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in Gram-negative bacteria?

A

They communicate with the environment, aid adhesion, and act as an endotoxin for the human immune system.

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13
Q

What is septation in bacterial cells?

A

Physical cell division caused by peptidoglycan growing into the cleavage site.

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14
Q

What is the divisome in bacteria?

A

A protein complex that carries out septation, helping the membrane pinch inward.

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15
Q

Where does DNA replication in bacteria start?

A

At the origin, where the chromosome is attached to the inner membrane.

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16
Q

What is mRNA’s function?

A

Messenger RNA codes for proteins.

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17
Q

What is the role of rRNA?

A

Ribosomal RNA makes up the ribosome, facilitating protein synthesis.

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18
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Transfer RNA binds specific amino acids to the growing protein chain during translation.

19
Q

What types of RNA have regulatory roles?

A

siRNA, snRNA, shRNA, miRNA.

20
Q

What is fluorescence microscopy used for?

A

It uses excitation wavelengths to light up fluorophores and detect emitted light for viewing cells.

21
Q

What is the purpose of electron microscopy?

A

To visualize bacteria by coating samples in heavy metal, scanning for outside views, or transmitting to see internal structures.

22
Q

What factors influence the choice of TB suppression drugs?

A

Availability of healthcare and the range of drugs on the market.

23
Q

What is a negative stain?

A

A simple stain that is not differential, used to increase contrast in microscopic studies.

24
Q

How do eukaryotes handle waste disposal?

A

Through proteasomes (for cytoplasmic proteins) and lysosomes (for membrane components and membrane-bound proteins).

25
Q

How do bacteria dispose of waste?

A

Via simple diffusion.

26
Q

What are essential nutrients for bacteria?

A

Nutrients needed for survival that bacteria cannot synthesize themselves.

27
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Building blocks like oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen that are essential for bacterial growth.

28
Q

What are aerobes?

A

Organisms that require oxygen to survive.

29
Q

What are anaerobes?

A

Organisms that do not use oxygen. Obligate anaerobes die in the presence of oxygen, while facultative anaerobes can use oxygen when available.

30
Q

What do heterotrophs do?

A

They break down carbon sources to generate energy.

31
Q

What are organotrophs?

A

A subset of heterotrophs that use organic molecules as their energy source.

32
Q

How do autotrophs obtain energy?

A

They harness energy from light or other non-carbon sources to build carbon compounds.

33
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules down their concentration gradient, from high to low concentration.

34
Q

What are ABC transporters?

A

Proteins that use ATP to transport molecules across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient.

35
Q

What is symport in active transport?

A

Both substrates move in the same direction, one down its concentration gradient, and the other hitches a ride.

36
Q

What is antiport in active transport?

A

One substrate moves down its concentration gradient, while the other moves in the opposite direction against its gradient.

37
Q

What is a solid culture?

A

A bacterial colony that originates from a single cell, often grown on agar plates or slants.

38
Q

What is a liquid culture?

A

Bacteria grown in a nutrient-rich broth.

39
Q

What is a complex medium?

A

A nutrient-rich medium with poorly defined components.

40
Q

What is a minimal defined medium?

A

A culture medium with clearly defined ingredients.

41
Q

What is an enriched medium?

A

A medium with additional components to support the growth of certain bacteria, though it’s poorly defined.

42
Q

What is a selective medium?

A

A culture medium that allows only desired bacteria to grow, e.g., selecting for Gram-negative bacteria.

43
Q

What is a differential medium?

A

A culture medium where all bacteria can grow, but they appear differently, allowing differentiation, such as between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

micro (12 decks)

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