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music and world culture > quiz 1 - up to Eastern Europe > Flashcards

quiz 1 - up to Eastern Europe Flashcards

1
Q

ethnomusicology

A

study of how music is related to its culture

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2
Q

Isicathamiya

A
  • soloist + group
  • acapella
  • call and response
  • Zulu + English
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3
Q

Accordion Jive

A

upbeat instrumental drum music

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4
Q

pitch

A

the quality of a note that distinguishes a high from a low

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5
Q

frequency

A

of sound wave per minute

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6
Q

hertz

A

measures frequency

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7
Q

melody

A

variation in pitch along with rhythm

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8
Q

harmony

A

playing different pitches simultaneously

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9
Q

octave (interval)

A

maintaining a fixed distance in pitch

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10
Q

tuning system

A

the method determining which frequencies will be represented on an instrument

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11
Q

12-tone equal temperment

A

the tuning system standardized in the Americas and Europe

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12
Q

tonic/tonal center

A

one pitch in the octave with special significance, “home base pitch”

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13
Q

tonality

A

a melody revolves around a pitch

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14
Q

diatonic

A
  • using only 7 of the 12 pitches available
  • represented in one form by the white keys on the piano
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15
Q

mode

A

arrange pitches of the mode in ascending/descending order in in octave to start and end on the tonic

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16
Q

motive

A

melodic fragment

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17
Q

keys

A

different minor scales

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18
Q

contour

A

a general direction/shape of a melody over time

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19
Q

melodic motion

A

intervals between adjacent notes in the melody define steepness of contour

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20
Q

conjunct motion

A

melodies with small intervals between adjacent notes

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21
Q

disjunct motion

A

melodies with large intervals between notes

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22
Q

range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest notes of a melody

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23
Q

tessitura

A

where the melody lies in relation to the range of the singer or instrument

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24
Q

cadences

A

points of momentary rest or arrival

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25
Q

phrase

A

the section of the melody from one cadence to another

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26
Q

trill

A

rapid alteration between two adjacent notes

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27
Q

ornament

A

small changes in pitch or loudness that didn’t change the overall character of the melody

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28
Q

motive

A

a short melodic fragment that is repeated at certain points

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29
Q

structure/form

A

very largest level of musical architecture

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30
Q

strophic

A

verses that repeats a group of melodic phrases over and over but with different words

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31
Q

refrain

A

repeating a section with the same words

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32
Q

transposition

A

playing a melody at a different pitch level

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33
Q

rhythm

A

describes how music is organized in time

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34
Q

beat

A

regular division of time

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35
Q

nonpulsatile

A

timing of notes cannot be interpreted as falling into a periodic pattern

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36
Q

quasi-pulsatile

A

notes at more or less the same length follow each other but the rhythm is so free it is hard to pin down a constant beat

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37
Q

tempo

A

rate at which the beat passes

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38
Q

accelerando

A

gradual speed up of tempo

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39
Q

ritardando

A

gradual slowdown of tempo

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40
Q

meter

A

a division/grouping of beats into distinct levels of the passage of time

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41
Q

triple meter

A

a meter in which beats are grouped in 3s

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42
Q

duple meter

A

a meter in which beats are grouped in 2s

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43
Q

simple meter

A

a meter in which the beat is divided into 2

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44
Q

compound meter

A

a meter in which the beat is divided into 3

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45
Q

syncopation

A

rhythm in between/off the beat

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46
Q

accent

A

emphasize normally unstressed beats by playing them loudly

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47
Q

crescendo

A

gradual increase in loudness

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48
Q

decrescendo

A

gradual decrease in loudness

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49
Q

texture

A
  • the musical characteristic that describes the roles and distributions of various melodies
  • monophonic, homophonic, polyphonic, or heterophonic
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50
Q

monophonic

A

same melody, one layer

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51
Q

homophonic

A
  • same rhythm
  • melody + accompaniment
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52
Q

polyphonic

A

multiple independent rhythms that have equal focus

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53
Q

heterophonic

A
  • same melody happening simultaneously
  • slight variations
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54
Q

drone

A

long constant pitch

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55
Q

timbre

A

the quality of an instruments sound that distinguishes instruments/voices

56
Q

resonators

A

hollow chambers

57
Q

sympathetic vibration

A

something untouched vibrates

58
Q

resonant frequency

A

frequency of a string

59
Q

chordophone

A

a vibrating string

60
Q

aerophone

A

a column of air within the instrument makes the sound

61
Q

membranophone

A

a membrane stretched over a resonator makes the sound

62
Q

idiophone

A
  • struck
  • the whole instrument vibrates to make the sound
63
Q

vibrato

A

small changes in pitch

64
Q

zither

A

chordophone with strings parallel to the resonator

65
Q

tube and curved board zither

A

strings attached around the outside of a tube that serves as the resonator

66
Q

lutes

A

aerophone, the strings are parallel to the body with a resonator at one end

67
Q

lyres

A

chordophone, strings are attached to a crossbar held up by 2 posts with a resonator at the bottom

68
Q

harp

A

chordophone, the strings are perpendicular to a resonator

69
Q

flutes

A

aerophone, a stream of air is focused on a sharp edge

70
Q

ostinato

A

repetition

71
Q

atoke

A

time keeping bell

72
Q

sub-Saharan African music qualities

A
  • participatory
  • polyrhythmic
  • background shimmer
  • atoke (timekeeping bell)
  • call and response
73
Q

tonal in African music

A

words may have different meanings depending on how they are spoken

74
Q

talking drum

A

imitates the rhythm and most common pitch levels of speech

75
Q

elbow stick

A

2 sticks attached so the drummer can stand behind the drum

76
Q

musical bow

A

a single string attached to 2 ends of a curved stick

77
Q

atsimewu

A

lead drummer, plays large drum

78
Q

Jali

A

specialized caste of drummers who plays the kora

79
Q

kora

A

jali instrument, large chordophone, hybrid harp-lute, 21 strings

80
Q

mbira

A

rows of metal tines stretched over a series of bars so the ends can be plucked

81
Q

kushaura

A

lead mbira player

82
Q

yodeling

A

quick jumps between vibrational modes in the vocal chords

83
Q

vocables

A

no meanings

84
Q

mbube

A

improvised folk sung by acappella groups

85
Q

pennywhistle jive

A

homemade bands of cheap pennywhistles and one-string basses

86
Q

atsia suite qualities

A
  • polyphonic texture
  • structure: short repeating patterns
  • call and response
  • timbre: raspy, medium tessiture (range)
87
Q

Yundum NKO qualities

A
  • change of pace
  • Jali/Kora
  • story
  • ostinato
  • polyrhythm
    -medium tessitura
88
Q

Gumboot dancing qualities

A
  • body percussion
  • chanting
  • dance
  • cohesion
89
Q

melisma

A

melodies with many notes to a syllable

90
Q

Islamic/Arabic music theory

A
  • Acappella
  • non-participatory
  • heterophonic instrumental
  • melisma
  • non-pulsatile
  • chordophones
91
Q

Zurna

A
  • aerophone
  • circular breathing
  • nasal
92
Q

takht

A

ensemble of about 5 that plays an Arabic suite heterophonicly

93
Q

Oud

A

chordophone like guitar

94
Q

taqism

A

improvised, different pitches

95
Q

elements of middle eastern music

A
  • elaborate melodies/melismas
  • maqam (quarter tone) scale
  • improvisation
  • heterophony
  • rhythms based on beat patterns
96
Q

quarter tones

A
  • intervals that lie between tones on a western piano
  • modes have a wide variety of scales
97
Q

ghawazi

A

Egyptian women who dance for entertainment

98
Q

qira’ah/tilawah

A

chanting of Qur’an verses

99
Q

adhan

A

call to prayer, nonpulsatile, melismas

100
Q

mu’adhdhin

A

singers of adhan

101
Q

dervishes

A

dancers who whirl around to achieve spiritual union

102
Q

‘ud

A
  • plucked chordophone
  • most important middle eastern instrument
103
Q

tanbur

A

long-necked chordophone

104
Q

zagharit

A

folk practice of women of africa

105
Q

maqam scale

A

scale with melodies that change up/down by a quarter step

106
Q

tetrachords

A
  • segments of 4 notes
  • makes up Maqam scale
107
Q

modulation

A

temporary shifts to a related maqam

108
Q

maqsum

A
  • iqa’ rhythmic pattern, quadruple
  • drumming syllables, vocables
109
Q

suite

A

the classical expression of the traditional urban Arabic performance

110
Q

firqa

A

Arabic ensemble of 20 or more musicians

111
Q

dastgah

A

has a characterisitc heptatonic scale called the maye

112
Q

reng

A

Iranian ensemble music in a dance rhythm

113
Q

levites

A

Jewish caste of professional musicians

114
Q

shofar

A

a ram’s horn trumpet used as a ritual instrument

115
Q

canor

A

a single singer that performs most cantillation (biblical chants) in public services

116
Q

klezmer

A
  • Jewish folk musicians
  • participatory
  • improvisation
  • nonpulsatile
117
Q

taqsim

A

nonpulsatile, usually solo improvisations

118
Q

general timbre of eastern europe

119
Q

socialist realism

A

government policy to preserve the culture, in a realistic/representatory way

120
Q

professional folk ensembles

A

hired to play the music in the way the government promotes

121
Q

Asymmetrical meter

A
  • simple + compound meter
  • beats quickly change duration
  • influenced by words/language
122
Q

gusle

A

oldest European instrument played by a guslar

123
Q

guslar

A
  • plays the gusle
  • tells a story, glorifies a hero
124
Q

Eastern European music qualities

A
  • bright/brassy timbre
  • socialist realism
  • epic songs
  • asymmetrical meter
  • dance rhythms
  • ensembles
  • strophic
125
Q

Eastern European music qualities

A
  • bright/brassy timbre
  • socialist realism
  • epic songs
  • asymmetrical meter
  • dance rhythms
  • ensembles
  • strophic
126
Q

guslar qualities

A
  • melisma
  • nonpulsatile
  • brassy/loud
  • heterophonic
  • nonparticipatory
  • storytelling
127
Q

Romani music qualities

A
  • Acappella
  • portable instruments
  • syncretic
  • vocables
128
Q

syncretic

A

a culture that draws from many cultures

129
Q

Bulgarian music

A
  • loud/bright timbre
  • homophonic
  • professional folk/conductor
  • socialist realism
130
Q

isorhythms

A

rhythms repeat even as the melody notes change

131
Q

epic songs

A
  • filled with sinuous ornaments
  • sliding through semitones with a very narrow range
  • typically just 4 scale steps
132
Q

duma

A

epic songs of Ukraine

133
Q

rubato

A

expressive changing/stretching of tempos

134
Q

tempo guisto

A
  • strict tempo
  • emphasizes repetitive dance rhythms
135
Q

cimbalom

A
  • hammered zither
  • standard instrument in urban Hungarian homes
136
Q

Szaibogo

A
  • Romanian folk songs
  • mouth bass
  • vocables
  • highly rhythmic song

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