Quiz 1 - Positioning, Skelatal System Flashcards
Define Caudal
Towards the tail
Define cranial
Towards the head
Define dorsal
Towards the back
Define ventral
Toward the belly
Define rostral
Towards the nose
(rostral like nostril)
Define Medial
Toward the middle of the body (down the chest)
Define lateral
Opposite to medial. Away from the middle
Define proximal
Toward the truck when referring to limbs
Define distal
Away from the trunk when referring to limbs
List the five primary functions of bone
Support soft tissue and organs
To protect vital tissue and organs
Leverage and a caution (to be used as attachment points for tendons)
Storage for minerals
Blood cell formation
Define osteoblasts
A cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation
A cell within the endosteum that is responsible for increasing bone width and fracture repair
Define osteoclast
A large bone cell which absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing
List the four basic bone shapes and give examples of each.
Long., example: femur, humerus
Short. Example: carpal, tarsal
Flat. Example: pelvis, scapula
Irregular. Example: vertebrae, maxilla
List the four types of synovial joints and give an example for each
Hinge joints: elbows, stifle
One joint swivels around another
Gilding joints: carpus, tarsus
Rocking motion of one bone on another
Pivot joints: axis, atlas
one bone rotated in another
Ball and socket: shoulder, hip
Allows six types of synovial joint movement
List six different ways that joints move
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
How many bones are there in the human body?
206
How many average bones are in the dog?
319
How many average bones are in the cat?
230
Name some main body systems
Circulatory system
Digestive system
Endocrine system
Lymphatic/ immune system
Muscle system
Nervous system
Renal/urine system
Reproductive system
Respiratory system
Skeletal system
Name and define the anatomical planes of reference
Median: it bisects the body vertically through the midline marked by the naval, dividing the body exactly on left and right side
Sagittal: any plane parallel to the median plane
Transverse: divides front and back, right through the middle vertically
Dorsal/coronal/frontal: divides top and bottom
Name the different body cavities and what they contain
Dorsal: contains the brain and spinal cord
Ventral: contains the soft organs or viscera which includes the chest and abdomen
Thoratic cavity: is covered with a membrane of pleurum and includes the heart, lungs, and associated blood vessels
What are the two types of bones structures and what is the difference
Cancellous and compact bones. Cancellous are light and spongy whereas compact are dense and hard
What is most bones covered by?
A membrane called periosteum
What is the outer layer of bone composed of?
Fiberous tissue
What does the inner layer of bone contain?
Endoseteum which contains osteoblasts
What does recumbency refer to?
The position in which the client is lying
Name the purpose and two types of bone marrow.
Fills the space between bones. The two types are yellow and red bone marrow
Describe red marrow.
Red marrow is predominant in young animals and is responsible for blood cell formation. In older animals red bone marrow is normally confined to the ends of long bones and in larger bones such as the pelvis
Describe yellow bone marrow
Commonly seen in adults and does not produce red blood cells however it can revert to hematopoietic areas to do that when needed like during parasitism
What are articular surfaces?
Smooth areas of compact bone that come in contact with smooth surfaces and other bone and are covered in by a line cartilage
What are condyles?
Large round articular surfaces
Can be you above the tibia and fibula on the bottom of the femur
Facet
Flat articular surface
What are processes
Projections off the bone surface name depends on location in the body
Types of vertebrae
Cervical (neck), thoracic (long bones behind the shoulder), lumbar (middle of ribs to hips), sacral (bum), caudal (tail (tail get CAUght-dal)
