Final Exam: Urinary System, Reproductive System, Sensory Systems, and Endocrine System Flashcards
Identify the components of the urinary system.
Two kidneys
Two ureters
The bladder
The urethra
What is the purpose of the urinary system?
The urinary system is the single most important route for removal of waste products. It removes nearly all soluble watse from the blood and transports soluble waste out of the body.
It is the major route for elimination of excess water
What role do the kidneys play?
Kidneys absorb water and electrolytes to be used by the body but their most important role is to produce urine
What is urine?
a mixture of excess water, electrolytes, urea and other wastes that the body needs to get rid of or does not need
During the normal breakdown of protein and nucleic acids, ____________ is released into the blood stream. Some of this ________ is recycles to make new cellular products, but most of it is disposed of. The body must have a way to rid itself of this unused _________, as high levels in the blood can be toxic. What is this called the product called when mammals excrete ____?
Nitrogen
it is called urea
Describe the shape and location of the kidneys.
Kidneys are round or bean shaped organs and they are located outside of the peritoneum (the membrane that encloses the organs of the abdominal cavity) so are refered to retroperitoneal in the dorsal abdominal area
What are the kidneys surronded by and covered by?
Surrounded by a thick layer of fat that helps protect them from pressures exerted on them by surrounding organs
Covered by a fibourous connective tissue capsulte
What is the outer portion of the kidney called and how would you describe it?
Renal Cortex
The cortex is a reddish-brown and has a rough, granular appearance
What is the inner portion around the renal pelvis called and how would you describe it?
Renal medulla
The shape varies amoung animal species
What is a nephron?
The basic functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of the renal corpuscle and tubule system, which is made up of the proximal convuluted tubule, loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule
Even if __% of the nephrons are lost, teh kidney will still function.
75
How many nephrons are there per kidney of a dog, cat, sheep and cow?
Dog - 400 000
Cat - 250 000
Sheep - 1 000 000
Cow - 4 000 000
What is the Hilus and whats its function?
The hilus is the indented area on the medial side of the kidney where blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and leave the kidney
What is the anatomy of the renal pelvis and whats its purpose?
The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped area inside of the hilus. This area is the urine collection chamber that forms the beginning of the ureter
The nerve supply to the kidney is primarily from the ________ portion of the ______ _______ system.
Sympathetic
Automatic nervous
Through what capillaries do the nerves control the blood flow in the kidneys?
Glomerular
What percentage of blood pumped by the heart goes to the kidneys?
25%
What do ureters do?
The ureters continuously move urine from the kidney to the urinary bladdder
Ureters are tubes composed by three layes. What are the three layers?
an outer fibourous layer, a middle muscle layer make up of smooth muscle, and an inner layer lined with transitional epithelium
What type of muscle layer propels urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?
smooth
What is the trigone?
It is the arrangement of openings of ureters into the bladder and oppening from the bladder into urethra
What are the two parts of the urinary bladder?
The muscular sac and the neck
What is the bladder lined with?
transitional epithelium that stretches as the bladder fills with urine
What muscles provide some voluntary control over the urinary process?
the circular sphincter muscles composed of skeletal muscle fibers around the neck of the bladder
What is a Urethra?
The continuation of the urinary bladder that runs through the pelvic canal
How does the urethra of a male and female compare?
The urethra of females is shorter and straighter than that of the male. The males urethra has a reproductive function in passing sperm and seminal fluid. Both carries urine from the bladder to the external environment
Identify the components in the female reproductive system.
Ligaments
Ovaries
Oviducts
Uretus
Cervix
Vagina
Vulva
Mammary Glands
Little Old Ovines Usually Call Vaginas Very Manly
Ovaries
Ovaries are suspsened from the top of the abdomen by a broad ligament called the suspensory ligament
What are Oviducts?
Oviducts are small tubes that extend from the ovaries to the uterine horns at the end of the oviduct nearest the ovary a funnel like structure, the infundibulum, catches the egg (ovum) when it is released from the ovary
Describe the shape of an uterus in a cat.
The uterus of the cat is Y-shaped with the arms of the white being longer than the stem the long arms of the uterus are called horns the short stem is called the body
What are uterine horns?
The arms of the why of the uterus. The uterine horns extend from each ovary and join to form the body of the uterus
What happens when the Female is pregnant?
When the female is pregnant the fetus is are arranged in a row and both horns
What are the walls of the uterus lined with?
Vascular and glandular lining and contain smooth muscle
What is the muscular substance of the uterus called?
Myometrium
What is the inner lining of the uterus called?
Endometrium
What are the mammary glands composed of and what are their functions?
Connective tissue
Provide support and structure, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and grandular tissue
How many memory glands does a cat normally have?
Four pairs
Where is milk stored in secreted in the memory gland?
Inside of the mammary glands in a small saclike gland
What are the two main functions of the ovaries?
To produce gametes in follicles (oogenesis) and to produce hormones (estrogens and progestins)
Describe the uterus.
Hollow muscular organ usually Y shaped
What does the uterus form part of?
The placenta and afterbirth
What are the three layers of the uterus?
Endometrium myometrium and perimetrium
Describe the cervix.
Smooth muscle sphincter between the body of the uterus in the vagina
The service is normally tightly closed except for during _____ and _______
Estrus
Parturition
Describe the vagina
Muscular tube that receives penis during breeding time. It acts as a birth canal at parturition
What are the components in the male reproductive system?
Penis
Two testicles
Scrotum
Prostate gland
Two bulbourethral glands (cowpers gland)
The epididymis, the ductus deferents (vas deferents), the spermatic cords
Urethra
People Take 2 Sex Positions Because Every Dick Does Specific Utilities
What are the three main parts of spermatozoa?
Head (covered by a cap like acrosome)
Midpiece
Tail
Where does the development of testes begin and when?
The development begins in the abdomen near the kidneys before birth
Describe the development of testes
The testes begin development in the admin near kidneys before birth then testes are gradually pulled Caudally and ventrally they passed through the individual rings down into scrotum
What is the band of connective tissue that attaches testes to scrotum called?
Gubernaculum
Describe the scrotum
Sack of skin that houses the testes, helps regulate temperature of testes
Describe the spermatic cords
Tube like connective tissue structures. Contain blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and vas defference. they also Link the testes with the rest of the body
What is the form heat exchange mechanism called in the spermatic cords
Pampiniform Plexus
Describe the tunics
Two layers of connective tissue that surround the testes in spermatic cord.

What are the two layers of connective tissue that surround the testes and spermatic cord
Visceral vaginal tunic and parietal vaginal tunic
What and where is the Tunica albuginea?
It lies beneath the tunics. It is a fibrous connective tissue capsule that encloses each testy
Describe the epididymis
The storage site for spermatozoa and a place for them to mature. Flat ribbon like structure that lies along the surface of the testes
Describe what the vans difference does
Move the spermatozoa from the epididymis up to the urethra when ejaculation occurs
What is semen?
Spermatozoa mixed with secretions from accessory glands
What are the two functions of the urethra in the male?
Urinary and reproductive
What are the accessory reproductive glands in the male?
Produce alkaline fluid to help counteract acidity of female reproductive track, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Bulbourethral glands
What is the penis composed of?
Muscle, erectile tissue, connective tissue, a large blood supply, and many sensory nerve endings
What are the three main parts of the penis?
The roots, body, and glans
How long can the tie last?
5-20 min
What is the mating tie?
Dogs have a structure at the base of the penis called the bulbus glandis. This is a knot of tissue that surrounds a penis and becomes in large during erection. this not lock them into a female during breeding
Sense organs are extension of the what?
Central nervous system
What do the sense organs allow the animal to do?
Allows the animal to monitor what is happening both internally and externally
What are the types of senses?
General senses which include touch temperature pain proprioception the visceral sensations of hunger and thirst
Mechanical – touch hearing and balance
Thermal – hot and cold
Electromagnetic – vision
Chemical – taste and smell
What is sensed with a visceral sensation and what type of stimulus does it cause
Hunger thirst hollow organ fullness is sensed
The type of stimulus is chemical and mechanical
What is sensed with touch and what type of stimulus is it
Touch and pressure
Mechanical
What is sensed with temperature in what type of stimulus is it?
Heat and cold
Thermal
What is sensed with pain and what type of stimulus is it?
Intense stimuli of any type
Mechanical chemical or thermal
What is sensed with proprioception and what type of stimulus is it?
Body position and movement
Mechanical
Describe visceral sensations
Generally vague and poorly localized
It can be chemical or mechanical stimulus
Can originate in the abdominal cavity
Miscellaneous category of interior body sensations such as thirst and hunger
Describe touch and temperature
Monitored by receptors that are either superficial or central
Superficial receptors are found in the skin – they generate nerve impulses when the external temperature is either too hot or cold
Central temperature receptors monitor the core body temperature by monitoring the temperature of the blood
Located in the hypothalamus
How is temperature control achieved?
Blood flow, Pilo erection, sweating, shivering, and thyroid hormones
What is the goal of pain?
To ultimately protect the body
Is pain present in the brain?
No
What are the four pain processes?
Transduction - Conversion of stimulus into nerve impulse
transmission - Transmission of the nerve impulses
modulation - Modulation of the nerve impulse (spinal cord)
perception - conscious perception (brain)
What are the five classifications of pain?
Superficial
Deep
Visceral
Acute
Chronic
What is proprioception?
It allows the animal to sense the position or orientation of one body part or another
It’s an unconscious sense -important in standing making purposeful movement and interacting with the environment - in order to produce mood body movements
Receptors are located in skeletal muscles tendons ligaments and joint capsules
What senses are caused by a chemical stimulus?
Taste and smell
What senses are caused by a mechanical stimulus?
Hearing and equilibrium
What sense is caused by an electromagnetic stimulus?
Vision
Describe taste. Discuss the receptors.
Gustatory sense
Most of the receptors are located on the sides of the taste buds of the tongue – these are called papillae
Some receptors are also located in the lining of the mouth and throat
Dissolved substances enter the taste buds and contact the sensory receptors this contact triggers a nerve impulse that travels to the brain where does interpreted
Where is the sense of smell located?
In two areas or patches of olfactory epithelium located dorsally in both nasal passages
Describe how smell works
Odors dissolve in the mucus and stimulate sensory areas of olfactory hairs or cilia and generate nerve impulses
What is the size difference between the canine olfactory bulb and a humans?
Canine and olfactory bulbs are three times larger than humans
Describe how hearing works
Converts vibrations of air molecules into nerve impulses
What are the three functional areas associated with hearing?
External, middle, and inner ear
Discuss the function of the external ear
Collects sound waves and vibrations
It is composed of outer part of the ear (pinna), the external auditory canal, and that Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
The pinna collects and funnels vibration into the external auditory canal called vertical and horizontal ear canal (A soft membrane lined tube that ends at the tympanic membrane) The tympanic membrane is a thin layer of connective tissue we are sound waves hitting this membrane cause it to vibrate at the same frequency and transmit these vibrations to the middle ear
What does the middle ear do?
Amplifies and transmits vibrations
What three small bones link that tympanic membrane with the inner ear
Ossicles
They are called Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup)
What are the functions of the ossicles?
The act as a system of levers that transmit the sound wave vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
What is the function of the inner ear?
Contains sensory receptors that convert vibrations to nerve impulses
What is the hearing portion called in the inner ear?
It is called the cochlea and it is contained in a cavity of the temporal bone
The bending of what generates nerve impulses?
Hairs
Describe how hearing actually happens
First sound wave vibrations cause tympanic membrane and also cause in middle ear to vibrate
then perilymph around cochlear duct vibrates
next the cochlear duct moves
then the tectorial membrane and hair cells of organ and Corti rub against each other. Next nerve impulses are generated then impulses travel to brain and are interpreted as sound
What is equilibrium?
Equilibrium is a mechanical sense that helps animals maintain balance by keeping track of heads position and movement, it involves sight, proprioception and the auditory system
What are the two spaces of the vestibule?
Utricle (filled with endolymph)
Saccule (filled with perilymph)
Both have sensory epithelia called macula
What are macula?
Macula relay nerve impulses back to the brain and is the analysis responsible for linear motion and movement of the head
Where is the vestibule located?
Between the cochlea and the semicircle canals
What type of pressure is put on the macula as a result of gravity?
Constant pressure
What are the semicircle canals responsible for?
Responsible for Rotary motion of the head
What is the ampulla?
Enlarged area near utricle end of each semicircle canal
What is the crista ampullaris?
Receptor structure within the ampulla
What is the Cupula?
Cone shaped area of supporting cells in hair cells with their processes sticking up into gelatinous structure
What are the indicators of sense of motion
The head moves
Fluid movement allies in one place of semicircle canals
Fluid movement polls on cupula
Hairs are bent
Nerve impulses generated
Brain receives information about motion of the head
What are the three major layers of the eyeball?
An outer Fibrous
A middle vascular
An inner nervous layer 
What does the outer fibrous layer of the eye contain?
Cornea, sclera
What does the middle vascular layer of the eye contain?
Choroid, iris, ciliary body
What does the inner nervous layer of the eye contain?
Retina
What is the “white” of your eye called?
Sclera
What is the function of the outer fibrous layer?
It admits light and gives shape and strength to the eye
How would you describe the cornea?
Transparent window that admits light contains collagen fibers but no blood vessels
What is the Highly reflective area in the rear of the eye?
Tapetum lucidim
What is the choroid and where is it located?
Consists mainly of pigment and blood vessels
Located in the middle vascular layer of the eye between the sclera and retina
What part of your eye controls the amount of light that enters the posterior part of the eye?
Iris
What is the opening in the center of the iris called?
The pupil
What is the purpose of the ciliary body and where is it located?
It contains tiny muscles that adjust shape of the lens to allow near and far vision. It’s a ring light structure located in the middle vascular layer of the eye behind the iris
What does the retina contain and what are they?
Cones and rods. They are sensory receptors for vision.
The retina lines the ____ of the eye.
Back
What are the compartments of the eyeball?
Aqueous compartment: aqueous humor
Vitreous compartment: vitreous humor
Tell me about the aqueous compartment.
It is located in the front of the lens. It is subdivided into anterior and posterior chambers by the iris. It contains clear, watery fluid which is produced in the posterior chamber by cells of ciliary body
Describe the lens.
a soft, translucent layer of fibers
Retina’s are multilayer. What of the layers?
Pigment layer
photoreceptor layer
bipiloar cell layer
ganglion cell layer
layer of nerve fiber aka cones and rods
What is the nictitating membrane?
this “third eyelid” is found in many animals, located between the eyelid and the eyeball. It is composed of a plate of cartilage ad conjuctiva. It acts like a windsheild wiper blade by removing debris from the surface and redistributing tears over the cornea
The nictitating membrane acts as a protective barrier from ______ and _______ for the eye.
vegetation and prey
What are the extraocular structures? Name as many as you can (there are alot)
Conjuctiva
Conjuctival sac
Eyelids
Lateral and medial canthus
Tarsal glands
Eyelashes
Eye Muscles
Lacrimal apparatus and glands
Tears
What is the conjuctiva?
It lines the interior surface of the eyelid. It is a thin, moist transparant membrane
Where are the lateral and medial canthus?
the corners where the eylids come together
Where are your tarsal glands and what to they produce?
They are tiny openings found along the eyelid margin. They produce waxy substance to prevent tears from overflowing onto the face.
Eye mucles attach to ______
scelera
What are the lacrumal apparatus and glands?
They are structures that produce and secrete tears and drain tears away fron the surface of the eye . These glands are the primary source of tears. It is a liquid film that moistens and protects the surface of eye
What are the three layers of tears?
Inner mucous layer - contains antibacterial substances
Middle tear layer - from the lacrimal glands and accessory lacrimal glands of the third eyelid. This keeps the cornea moist
Outer oily layer - From the tarsal or meibomian glands. This recuded evaporation of underlying tear layer and prevents tears from flowing over the lid margin
What is the difference between the endocrine and exocrine glands?
The endocrine glands release their regulatory products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream, whereas the exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts that lead directly to the location intended to be controlled.
Example of exocine glands.
Sweat glands and salivatory glands
Examples of endocrine glands and what do they do?
they control most metabolic functions
Examples:
pituitary
parathyroid
hypothalamus
pancreas
gonads
adrenal
What does the hypothalamus control?
The part of the brain that controls appetite, body temperature regulation, wake sleep cycles, and links the consious mind with the rest of the body
what gland is considered the master endocrine gland?
The pituitary gland
What six hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce and release?
Growth hormoes
prolactin
thyroid stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
What does the posterior pituitary gland produce?
It does not produce any hormones but it stores and releases two hormones produced in the hypothalamous.
How does the posterior pituitary gland effect the kidneys and oxytocin?
It effects the kidneys by causing them to converse water producing more concentrated urine
It has an effect on oxytocin by promotinng urertine contractions at parturition and milk-let down during lactation
Where are the thyroid glands located?
they are two lobes on either side of the larynx
What is the tyroid gland responsible for producing?
two hormones that help regulate metabolic functions and calcitonin which helps regulate blood calcium levels.
the two hormones (throxine, and triiodothyonine) are produceded when its stimulated from the anterior pituitary gland
