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N133 > Quiz #1 Module 1 Part 1/2 > Flashcards

Quiz #1 Module 1 Part 1/2 Flashcards

1
Q

define stimuli and responses

A

Stimuli- things that trigger changes in our internal/external states
Responses- the ways we react to stimuli

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2
Q

what is Ivan Pavlov’s discovery?

A

phenomenon of conditioning that linked various animal behaviours to events in animals environments

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3
Q

what is Edward Thorndike’s discovery?

A

helped transition psychology toward behaviourism by proposing that animal findings could help explain human behaviour

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4
Q

what is John Watson’s discovery?

A

Pioneering the school of behaviourism and extended Pavlov’s work to children

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5
Q

what is BF Skinner’s discovery?

A

he expanded behaviourism

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6
Q

What is Maslow’s discovery?

A

proposed that each of us has a basic, broad motive to fulfill our special potential as human beings, called self-actualization.

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7
Q

define motivation

A

person’s desire or willingness to learn and influences a person’s behaviour

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8
Q

what are task mastery motives driven by?

A

driven by desire for achievement

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9
Q

what is the social learning theory?

A

helps educators understand learners and develop interventions that enhance motivation and learning

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10
Q

what does the LEARNS model stand for?

A

L-listen to patient needs
E-establish therapeutic partnership relationships
A-adopt an intentional approach to every learning encounter
R-reinforce health literacy
N-name new knowledge via teach back
S-strengthen self-management via links to community resources

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11
Q

what is growth and development?

A

they are synchronous processes that are interdependent in the healthy individual

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12
Q

what is physical growth?

A

growth is a quantitative aspect of an individuals increase in physical measurements (ex. teeth, height, weight)

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13
Q

what is development?

A

progressive and continuous process of change leading to increased skill and capacity to function (rolling, crawling, walking)

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14
Q

what are the 3 main categories that influence G&D?

A
  1. genetic or natural forces within a person
  2. the environment in which the person lives
  3. the interaction that takes place between these two factors
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15
Q

define mechanisms of development?

A

explanatory components of each theory, or the means by which the developmental tasks are achieved

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16
Q

whats organicism?

A

it refers to a theoretical focus on the organism itself. Development is a result of biologically driven behaviour and the person’s adaptation to the environment

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17
Q

List 6 major factors that influence G&D

A
  • temperament
  • family
  • peer group
  • health environment
  • nutrition
  • rest, sleep and exercise
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18
Q

what is piaget’s theory of cognitive development

A
  • studied how people come to know their world
  • addresses the development of children’s intellectual organization and how they think, reason, perceive, and make meaning of the world
  • he recognized that people move through 4 periods where people move through at different rates but in the same sequence or order
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19
Q

define assimilation and accomodation

A

assimilation- process of making sense of a new info in comparison with what is already known
accommodation- adapting ways of thinking to a new experience or new information

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20
Q

what are piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor (birth-2yrs): schema or action pattern for dealing with environment (schema’s include mouthing, looking, gasping etc)
  2. Pre-operational (2-7yrs): children learn to think with use of symbols and mental images. Plays from children’s point of view only
  3. Concrete operations (7-11yrs): children can perform mental operations (ex children can count to 10 but also understands what each number represents)
  4. Formal operations (11-adulthood): individuals thinking moves to abstract and theoretical subjects. ex. achieving world peace, finding justice
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21
Q

what is piaget’s theory of moral development?

A

believed that moral development goes through a series of three successive stages: premoral, conventional, autonomous

22
Q

what is kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A
  • he theorized that a child’s moral development does not advance if the child’s cognitive development does not also mature
  • levels and stages do not occur at specific ages, and people attain different levels of moral development
23
Q

what are the 6 stages and 3 levels of kohlberg’s moral development theory? (names only)

A

level 1. pre-conventional
stage 1. punishment and obedience orientation
stage 2. instrumental relativist orientation
level 2. conventional level
stage 3. good boy, nice girl orientation
stage 4. society-maintaining orientation
level 3. post conventional level
stage 5. social contract orientation
stage 6. universal ethical principle orientation

24
Q

describe the 3 levels of kohlberg’s development theory

A
  1. Pre-conventional: person reflects on moral reasoning
  2. Conventional: a person wants to fulfill expectations of a family, group or nation
  3. Post-conventional level: person finds balance between basic human rights and obligations and societal rules and regulations
25
Q

describe the first 2 stages stages of kohlberg’s development theory

A
  1. punishment and obedience orientation: response to a moral dilemma in response to obedience to authority and rules (child will do something because an authority figure tells them to)
  2. instrumental relativist orientation: recognizes that more than one way may be correct
26
Q

describe stages 3 and 4 of kohlberg’s development theory

A
  1. Good-boy, nice-girl orientation: individual wants to please others and gain approval by “being nice”- showing trust, loyalty, and respect
  2. Society-maintaining orientation: Maintaining social order. Ex. Kid may not go to party because they know there’s drugs there. Not cause they’re scared to get caught, but because they know drugs are bad.
27
Q

describe stages 5 and 6 of kohlberg’s development theory

A
  1. Social contract orientation: An individual follows law but recognizes possibility to change law to improve society.
  2. Universal ethical principle orientation: “Right” is defined by the decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principles
28
Q

what is gilligan’s theory

A

she believed men and women develop in parallel ways, with one not being superior to the other

29
Q

define separation

A

Refers to boy’s recognition of biological distinctness and is based on emergence from dependent relationship with his mother

30
Q

define individuation

A

based on child’s awareness of differences in will, viewpoints and needs.

31
Q

what does male moral development focus on?

A

logic, justice, and social organization

32
Q

what does female moral development focus on?

A

interpersonal relationships

33
Q

what is sigmund freuds theory?

A

he started personality development. he promoted successful participation in society through development of balance between pleasure seeking drives and societal pressures

34
Q

what are the mechanisms of Freuds development theory?

A
  • Id= basic instinctual impulses and drives to achieve pleasure
  • ego= helps us judge reality accurately, regulate impulses, and make good decisions
  • the superego= performs regulating, restraining, and prohibiting actions
35
Q

what is erikson’s theory of eight stages of life?

A

expanded freuds stages into a psychosocial model that covered whole lifespan where each person goes through 8 stages of life, and have to complete specific tasks in order to move on

36
Q

what are erikson’s first 2 stages?

A
  1. trust vs mistrust (birth to age 1): infant learns to trust others
  2. autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt (1-3yrs): learns to be independent and develops self confidence (walking, feeding, toileting)
37
Q

what are stages 3 and 4 in erikson’s theory?

A
  1. Initiative versus guilt (3-6 years): learns to initiate his or hers activities (allows to seek challenges in later life)
  2. Industry versus inferiority (6-11 years): develops a sense of complete physical, cognitive, and social areas-learning skills
38
Q

what are stages 5 and 6 in erikson’s theory?

A
  1. Identity versus role confusion (12-18 years): try out several roles and form a unique identity
  2. Identity versus isolation (18-35 years): form close, personal relationships
39
Q

what are stages 7 and 8 in erikson’s theory?

A
  1. Generativity versus self-absorption and stagnation (35-65 years): task is to help younger people)
  2. Integrity versus despair (65 and older): older persons reflect on their life and feel satisfaction or disappointment
40
Q

what is maturation

A

an increase in competence and adaptability; aging

41
Q

what is differentiation

A

processes by which early cells and structures are systematically modified and altered to achieve specific and characteristic physical and chemical properties

42
Q

what is self esteem and self concept?

A
  • self esteem is described as the affective component of the self,
  • self-concept is the cognitive component; however, often used interchangeably
43
Q

children assess which aspects in forming an evaluation of their self esteem?

A

Competence- How adequate are my cognitive, physical, and social skills?
Sense of control- How well can I complete tasks needed to produce desired actions? Are my successes or failures due to someone or something specific or is it due to luck?
Moral worth- How well do my actions and behaviours meet moral standards that have been set?
Worthiness of love and acceptance- How worthy am I of love and acceptance from my parents, other significant adults, siblings, and peers?

44
Q

what are the social characters of play?

A

Onlooker play- children watch what other children are doing but make no attempt to enter in the play activity. Ex. Watching an older sibling bounce a ball
Solitary play- children play alone with toys different from those used by other children in the same area. They enjoy presence of other children but make no effort to speak to them
Parallel play- children play independently but among other children. They play with toys similar to those that the children around them are using
Associative play- they play together and often engaged in the same activity- there is no group goal. Organized and children play in a group with other children- they attain a goal. Ex. Completing a puzzle with another

45
Q

who is john westenhoff?

A

presented two separate theories of faith development. Talks about growing (tree analogy)

46
Q

who is james fowler and what was his theory based on?

A

different stages of faith as a child and how your mind changes about faith and religion as you get older

47
Q

what is chess and thomas’ theory?

A

easy, difficult and slow to warm up temperaments

48
Q

what is maslow’s theory?

A

understanding of human needs and motivation (hierarchy of needs)

49
Q

who is albert bandura?

A

developed social cognitive theory, a model for understanding how behaviour is learned from others

50
Q

what are need theories?

A

human needs are ranked on an ascending scale according to how essential the needs are for survival (hierarchy of needs)

51
Q

what are the five levels of the hierarchy of needs?

A

physiological (water, air, food), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, self actualization

52
Q

what are the 5 stages of Freuds psychosocial theory?

A
  1. Oral (0-12/18mths): sucking and oral satisfaction
  2. Anal (18-3yrs): Begins toileting, increasingly aware of pleasurable sensations of body region
  3. Phalliac (3-6yrs): boy becomes interested in penis, girl because penis envy,
  4. Latency (6-12yrs): sexual urges are repressed and channeled into productive activities that are social acceptable
  5. Genital (puberty-adulthood): mature sexual relationship with someone outside of family circle, sexual urges re-awaken

N133 (9 decks)

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