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Physiology I Midterm > Quiz 1: Membrane Transport and Receptors > Flashcards

Quiz 1: Membrane Transport and Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Diacylglycerol is

  1. a product of PLA2.
  2. a product of DAG lipase.
  3. a product of PLC.
  4. a precursor of IP3.
  5. a precursor of arachidonic acid
  6. derived from arachidonic acid.
  7. an activator of PKC
  8. an activator of PKA.
  9. a phospholipid.
  10. a 2nd messenger
A

Diacylglycerol is

  1. a product of PLA2.
  2. a product of DAG lipase.
  3. a product of PLC.
  4. a precursor of IP3.
  5. a precursor of arachidonic acid
  6. derived from arachidonic acid.
  7. an activator of PKC
  8. an activator of PKA.
  9. a phospholipid.
  10. a 2nd messenger
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2
Q

Which of the following inhibits the Na-K pump?

  1. K+ channel blocker
  2. Na+ channel blocker
  3. Depletion of intracellular ATP Digoxin
  4. Digoxin
  5. Low intracellular K+ concentration ATP
  6. ATP
  7. Ouabain
  8. Ca2+ channel blocker
  9. High intracellular Na+ concentration Cardiac glycosides
  10. Cardiac glycosides
A

Which of the following inhibits the Na-K pump?

  1. K+ channel blocker
  2. Na+ channel blocker
  3. Depletion of intracellular ATP Digoxin
  4. Digoxin
  5. Low intracellular K+ concentration ATP
  6. ATP
  7. Ouabain
  8. Ca2+ channel blocker
  9. High intracellular Na+ concentration Cardiac glycosides
  10. Cardiac glycosides
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3
Q

When glucose crosses a membrane, it

  1. goes through protein channels.
  2. enters through a vesicle.
  3. uses a carrier molecule.
  4. passes between phospholipids.
A

When glucose crosses a membrane, it

  1. goes through protein channels.
  2. enters through a vesicle.
  3. uses a carrier molecule.
  4. passes between phospholipids.
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4
Q

Which of the following pairs of characteristics is more likely to make a substance diffuse through the cell membrane?

  1. molecule being large and nonpolar
  2. molecule being large and polar
  3. molecule being large and amphipathic
  4. molecule being small and polar
  5. Molecule being small and nonpolar
A

Which of the following pairs of characteristics is more likely to make a substance diffuse through the cell membrane?

  1. molecule being large and nonpolar
  2. molecule being large and polar
  3. molecule being large and amphipathic
  4. molecule being small and polar
  5. Molecule being small and nonpolar
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5
Q

The Na-K Pump

  1. Pumps Na+ and K+ into the cell.
  2. Pumps Na+ and K+ out of the cell.
  3. Pumps Na+ into the cell and has little effect on K+.
  4. Pumps Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell.
  5. Pumps Na+ out of the cell and has little effect on K+.
  6. Is an enzyme
  7. Is electrogenic.
  8. Is a secondary active transporter
  9. Is also known as the ATP- sensitive Na+ channel
  10. Helps maintain the resting potential.
A

The Na-K Pump

  1. Pumps Na+ and K+ into the cell.
  2. Pumps Na+ and K+ out of the cell.
  3. Pumps Na+ into the cell and has little effect on K+.
  4. Pumps Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell.
  5. Pumps Na+ out of the cell and has little effect on K+.
  6. Is an enzyme
  7. Is electrogenic.
  8. Is a secondary active transporter
  9. Is also known as the ATP- sensitive Na+ channel
  10. Helps maintain the resting potential.
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6
Q

Which type of cell junction allows direct movement of substances from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell?

  1. gap junctions
  2. more than one of the above is correct desmosomes
  3. tight junctions
  4. fusion junctions
A

Which type of cell junction allows direct movement of substances from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell?

  1. gap junctions
  2. more than one of the above is correct desmosomes
  3. tight junctions
  4. fusion junctions
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7
Q

Which of the following can cross a cell membrane by passive transport?

  1. Oxygen.
  2. Ca2+
  3. Fe2+
  4. Carbon dioxide.
  5. Water.
  6. Sodium ions.
  7. Glucose
A

Which of the following can cross a cell membrane by passive transport?

  1. Oxygen.
  2. Ca2+
  3. Fe2+
  4. Carbon dioxide.
  5. Water.
  6. Sodium ions.
  7. Glucose
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8
Q

Na/Ca exchangers

  1. ATPases
  2. Passive transporters
  3. Na+ is the driven solute (passenger)
  4. Ca2+ is the driven solute (passenger)
  5. Ca2+ is the driving solute (driver) Facilitated diffusion
  6. Active transporters
  7. Na+ is the driving solute (driver)
A

Na/Ca exchangers

  1. ATPases
  2. Passive transporters
  3. Na+ is the driven solute (passenger)
  4. Ca2+ is the driven solute (passenger)
  5. Ca2+ is the driving solute (driver) Facilitated diffusion
  6. Active transporters
  7. Na+ is the driving solute (driver)
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9
Q

Which of the following components in the cell membrane forms ion channels?

  1. carbohydrates
  2. cholesterol
  3. integral membrane proteins
  4. phospholipids
  5. peripheral membrane protein
A

Which of the following components in the cell membrane forms ion channels?

  1. carbohydrates
  2. cholesterol
  3. integral membrane proteins
  4. phospholipids
  5. peripheral membrane protein
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10
Q

Which of the following processes would be the FIRST to be affected by the lack of oxygen in a cell?

  1. Diffusion.
  2. Facilitated transport.
  3. Active transport.
  4. Osmosis.
A

Which of the following processes would be the FIRST to be affected by the lack of oxygen in a cell?

  1. Diffusion.
  2. Facilitated transport.
  3. Active transport.
  4. Osmosis.
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11
Q

Which of the following statements are correct?

  1. Botulinum toxins degrade SNARES, thereby blocking neurotransmitter release.
  2. The tetanus toxin is also an enzyme that can destroy SNARES
  3. Both tetanus and butulinum toxins enter neurons through endocytosis
  4. Both classes of toxins block muscle contraction by inhibition Ach release
  5. SNARES are proteins required for both endo and exocytosis.
A

Which of the following statements are correct?

  1. Botulinum toxins degrade SNARES, thereby blocking neurotransmitter release.
  2. The tetanus toxin is also an enzyme that can destroy SNARES
  3. Both tetanus and butulinum toxins enter neurons through endocytosis
  4. Both classes of toxins block muscle contraction by inhibition Ach release
  5. SNARES are proteins required for both endo and exocytosis.
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12
Q

Which is the main difference between primary and secondary active transport?

  1. the form of energy used to move molecules across the membrane
  2. one uses energy whereas the other requires no energy
  3. the location of the solute binding sites
  4. the direction that molecules are being moved across the membrane
  5. the molecules that are transported access the bind sites differently
A

Which is the main difference between primary and secondary active transport?

  1. the form of energy used to move molecules across the membrane
  2. one uses energy whereas the other requires no energy
  3. the location of the solute binding sites
  4. the direction that molecules are being moved across the membrane
  5. the molecules that are transported access the bind sites differently
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13
Q

Clathrin

  1. Is a transmembrane protein.
  2. Is a form of coatomer
  3. Is released during exocytosis.
  4. Interacts with adaptins to form vesicles.
  5. Plays a role in endocytosis and not in exocytosis.
  6. Forms triskelion.
  7. Is required by all forms of endocytosis.
A

Clathrin

  1. Is a transmembrane protein.
  2. Is a form of coatomer
  3. Is released during exocytosis.
  4. Interacts with adaptins to form vesicles.
  5. Plays a role in endocytosis and not in exocytosis.
  6. Forms triskelion.
  7. Is required by all forms of endocytosis.
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14
Q

In active transport, the affinity of the carrier protein for the molecule being transported is greater on which side of the membrane?

  • always the side facing the extracellular fluid
  • always the side facing the intracellular fluid
  • on the side where the molecule is in lower concentration
  • on the side where the molecule is in greater concentration
A

In active transport, the affinity of the carrier protein for the molecule being transported is greater on which side of the membrane?

  • always the side facing the extracellular fluid
  • always the side facing the intracellular fluid
  • on the side where the molecule is in lower concentration
  • on the side where the molecule is in greater concentration
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15
Q

Multidrug resistance transporters (MDRs) are

  1. Channels
  2. Secondary active transporters
  3. ABC-transporters
  4. ATPases
  5. Pores
  6. Pumps
  7. Found in bacteria only and not in humans
A

Multidrug resistance transporters (MDRs) are

  1. Channels
  2. Secondary active transporters
  3. ABC-transporters
  4. ATPases
  5. Pores
  6. Pumps
  7. Found in bacteria only and not in humans
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16
Q

Which of the following is essential for the Na-K pump to operate?

  1. Concentration of K+ lower outside the cell than inside
  2. Negative electrical membrane potential
  3. Positive membrane potential
  4. Supply of ATP in the cytoplasm
  5. Opening of Na+ channels
  6. Opening of both Na+ and K+ channels
  7. Concentration of Na+ lower inside the cell than outside
  8. Concentration of K+ higher outside the cell than inside
  9. Concentration of Na+ higher inside the cell than outside
A

Which of the following is essential for the Na-K pump to operate?

  1. Concentration of K+ lower outside the cell than inside
  2. Negative electrical membrane potential
  3. Positive membrane potential
  4. Supply of ATP in the cytoplasm
  5. Opening of Na+ channels
  6. Opening of both Na+ and K+ channels
  7. Concentration of Na+ lower inside the cell than outside
  8. Concentration of K+ higher outside the cell than inside
  9. Concentration of Na+ higher inside the cell than outside
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17
Q

Membrane phospholipids

  1. have hydrophobic heads that face the center of the membrane and are shielded from water
  2. occur as an uninterrupted bilayer with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane
  3. remain fluid because they are tightly packed against one another
  4. move laterally (side to side) along the plane of the membrane
  5. frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other
  6. have hydrophilic tails that face outward and are exposed to water
  7. have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane.
A

Membrane phospholipids

  1. have hydrophobic heads that face the center of the membrane and are shielded from water
  2. occur as an uninterrupted bilayer with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane
  3. remain fluid because they are tightly packed against one another
  4. move laterally (side to side) along the plane of the membrane
  5. frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other
  6. have hydrophilic tails that face outward and are exposed to water
  7. have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane.
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18
Q

The NA/K ATPase is a

  1. active symporter.
  2. active uniporter.
  3. active antiporter.
  4. channel
  5. pump
  6. receptor
  7. passive uniporter.
  8. passive antiporter.
  9. passive symporter.
  10. primary active transporter
  11. secondary active transporter
A

The NA/K ATPase is a

  1. active symporter.
  2. active uniporter.
  3. active antiporter.
  4. channel
  5. pump
  6. receptor
  7. passive uniporter.
  8. passive antiporter.
  9. passive symporter.
  10. primary active transporter
  11. secondary active transporter
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19
Q

The first step of the Na+/K+ pump’s activity involves the binding of:

A

3 Na+ from the inside of the cell

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20
Q

Facilitated diffusion differs from active transport in that diffusion

A

Is a spontaneous process

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21
Q

A carrier protein is a transmembrane protein that moves molecules across the membrane through:

  1. a water-filled pore
  2. small gaps in the fluid portion of the membrane
  3. a lipid-filled pore
  4. conformational changes in the carrier protein
  5. opening its gate and allowing molecules through
A

A carrier protein is a transmembrane protein that moves molecules across the membrane through:

  1. a water-filled pore
  2. small gaps in the fluid portion of the membrane
  3. a lipid-filled pore
  4. conformational changes in the carrier protein
  5. opening its gate and allowing molecules through
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22
Q

Which of the following processes includes all others?

  1. Osmosis
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Movement of a molecule from a high concentration to a low concentration
  4. Diffusion of a solute across a membrane
  5. Passive transport
A

Which of the following processes includes all others?

  1. Osmosis
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Movement of a molecule from a high concentration to a low concentration
  4. Diffusion of a solute across a membrane
  5. Passive transport
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23
Q

If the membrane potential of a cell equals to zero, an increase in the membrane conductance to an ion is likely to

  1. Hyperpolarize the cell
  2. Hypopolarize the cell
  3. Depolarize the cell
  4. Have no effect on the membrane potential
  5. Unable to predict without additional information.
  6. Decrease the intracellular concentration of the ion
  7. Increase the intracellular concentration of the ion
A

If the membrane potential of a cell equals to zero, an increase in the membrane conductance to an ion is likely to

  1. Hyperpolarize the cell
  2. Hypopolarize the cell
  3. Depolarize the cell
  4. Have no effect on the membrane potential
  5. Unable to predict without additional information.
  6. Decrease the intracellular concentration of the ion
  7. Increase the intracellular concentration of the ion
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24
Q

The flow of an ion through an ion channel is directly affected by the following except

  1. The membrane potential
  2. Intracellular supply of ATP
  3. The volume of the cell
  4. The intracellular concentration of the ion
  5. The extracellular concentration of the ion
  6. Temperature
  7. The equilibrium potential of the ion
  8. The charge of the ion
  9. Open state of the ion channel
A

The flow of an ion through an ion channel is directly affected by the following except

  1. The membrane potential
  2. Intracellular supply of ATP
  3. The volume of the cell
  4. The intracellular concentration of the ion
  5. The extracellular concentration of the ion
  6. Temperature
  7. The equilibrium potential of the ion
  8. The charge of the ion
  9. Open state of the ion channel
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25
Q

Adding which of the following solutions to ECF will increase the volume of both ECF and ICF?

  1. Pure NaCl
  2. Pure Urea
  3. Pure water
  4. Hypertonic saline.
  5. Hypotonic saline.
  6. Isotonic saline.
A

Adding which of the following solutions to ECF will increase the volume of both ECF and ICF?

  1. Pure NaCl
  2. Pure Urea
  3. Pure water
  4. Hypertonic saline.
  5. Hypotonic saline.
  6. Isotonic saline.
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26
Q

Which prefix means “less than”

  1. Hypo
  2. Iso
  3. Hyper
A

Which prefix means “less than”

  1. Hypo
  2. Iso
  3. Hyper
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27
Q

If a solution contains 0.1M glucose along with 0.15M NaCl, what is the osmolarity of this solution?

0.25 Osm

350 mOsm

250 mOsm

400 mOsm

0.4 Osm

A

If a solution contains 0.1M glucose along with 0.15M NaCl, what is the osmolarity of this solution?

0.25 Osm

350 mOsm

250 mOsm

400 mOsm

0.4 Osm

28
Q

When a solute is actively transported across the cell membrane, which of the following would most probably happen?

  1. water will move in the opposite direction
  2. water will move in the same direction
  3. the solute will be passively transported in the opposite direction
  4. the solute will be passively transported in the same direction
  5. the solute will be actively transported in the opposite direction
A

When a solute is actively transported across the cell membrane, which of the following would most probably happen?

  1. water will move in the opposite direction
  2. water will move in the same direction
  3. the solute will be passively transported in the opposite direction
  4. the solute will be passively transported in the same direction
  5. the solute will be actively transported in the opposite direction
29
Q

A cell in a hypotonic solution

  1. neither loses or gains water.
  2. gains and loses water equally.
  3. loses water.
  4. gains water.
A

A cell in a hypotonic solution

  1. neither loses or gains water.
  2. gains and loses water equally.
  3. loses water.
  4. gains water.
30
Q

Osmolarity is determined by the total concentration of all particles that are free in a solution. If fully dissolved in a solution, how many particles does each CaCl2 contribute?

  1. None
  2. One
  3. Two
  4. Three
  5. Four
A

Osmolarity is determined by the total concentration of all particles that are free in a solution. If fully dissolved in a solution, how many particles does each CaCl2 contribute?

  1. None
  2. One
  3. Two
  4. Three
  5. Four
31
Q

The equilibrium potential of glucose

A

Does not exist

32
Q

If a 0.9% NaCl solution is isotonic to a cell, then a hypertonic solution would be

  1. 1.0% NaCl.
  2. 0.7% NaCl.
  3. 0.8% NaCl.
  4. 0.9% NaCl.
  5. 140 mM NaCl
  6. 250 mM NaCl
  7. 350 mM NaCl
A

If a 0.9% NaCl solution is isotonic to a cell, then a hypertonic solution would be

  1. 1.0% NaCl.
  2. 0.7% NaCl.
  3. 0.8% NaCl.
  4. 0.9% NaCl.
  5. 140 mM NaCl
  6. 250 mM NaCl
  7. 350 mM NaCl
33
Q

Clinically, does knowing a patient’s plasma concentration of Na+ tell you its concentration in the ECF and ICF?

A

You would know the concentration of Na+ in the ECF but not in the ICF

34
Q

What drives diffusion of water across the cell membrane?

  1. Production of soluble metabolites by the cell
  2. Reaction of water to form ions
  3. Differences in osmolarity
  4. Differences in water concentration
  5. Differences in osmolality
  6. Differences in tonicity
  7. Changes in cell volume
  8. Affinity of membrane lipids for water Temperature
  9. Concentration of glucose
A

What drives diffusion of water across the cell membrane?

  1. Production of soluble metabolites by the cell
  2. Reaction of water to form ions
  3. Differences in osmolarity
  4. Differences in water concentration
  5. Differences in osmolality
  6. Differences in tonicity
  7. Changes in cell volume
  8. Affinity of membrane lipids for water Temperature
  9. Concentration of glucose
35
Q

The capillary wall separates the blood plasma from the interstitial fluid. Because Na+ can diffuse freely across the capillary wall, Na+ _does no_t contribute to the tonicity difference between the blood plasma and the interstitial fluid

True

False

A

True

36
Q

The transport of K+ via a voltage-gated K+ channel is a form of

  1. Simple Diffusion
  2. Active transport
  3. Primary active transport
  4. Secondary active transport
  5. Facilitated diffusion
  6. Passive transport
A

The transport of K+ via a voltage-gated K+ channel is a form of

  1. Simple Diffusion
  2. Active transport
  3. Primary active transport
  4. Secondary active transport
  5. Facilitated diffusion
  6. Passive transport
37
Q

The resting potential of a neuron or a muscle cell is

A
  • The membrane potential when the cell is quiet
  • The membrane potential when the cell is not firing action potentials
  • Slightly positive to the K+ equilibrium potential
  • Negative
38
Q

Red blood cells contain 0.9% salt. Which of the following solutions would be hypotonic to the blood?

  • 2% Urea
  • 0.9% Urea
  • 1.9% NaCl
  • 9% NaCl
  • 0.5% NaCl + 0.4% Urea
  • 0.5% NaCl
  • 1.8 % NaCl
A

Red blood cells contain 0.9% salt. Which of the following solutions would be hypotonic to the blood?

  • 2% Urea
  • 0.9% Urea
  • 1.9% NaCl
  • 9% NaCl
  • 0.5% NaCl + 0.4% Urea
  • 0.5% NaCl
  • 1.8 % NaCl
39
Q

If the cell membrane is freely permeable to urea, adding pure urea to ECF would

  1. Have no long-term effect on cell volume
  2. Have no effect on ECF tonicity
  3. Have no effect on ICF tonicity
  4. Have no effect on ECF osmolality
  5. Increase ECF osmolality
  6. Increase ICF osmolality
  7. Decrease ICF volume
  8. Increase ICF volume
A

If the cell membrane is freely permeable to urea, adding pure urea to ECF would

  1. Have no long-term effect on cell volume
  2. Have no effect on ECF tonicity
  3. Have no effect on ICF tonicity
  4. Have no effect on ECF osmolality
  5. Increase ECF osmolality
  6. Increase ICF osmolality
  7. Decrease ICF volume
  8. Increase ICF volume
40
Q

A cell placed in a 200mM NaCl solution. This solution is _______ to the cell, and the cell will _______.

  1. hypertonic : swell
  2. hypertonic : shrink
  3. isotonic : not change in size
  4. hypotonic : shrink
  5. hypotonic : swell
A

A cell placed in a 200mM NaCl solution. This solution is _______ to the cell, and the cell will _______.

  1. hypertonic : swell
  2. hypertonic : shrink
  3. isotonic : not change in size
  4. hypotonic : shrink
  5. hypotonic : swell
41
Q

Adding which of the following solutions to ECF will increase osmolality of ICF?

A
  • Pure Urea
  • Hypertonic saline
  • Pure NaCl
42
Q

If the membrane potential of a cell equals the equilibrium potential of an ion, opening of channels selective for the ion will

  1. Increase the intracellular concentration of the ion
  2. Decrease the intracellular concentration of the ion
  3. Depolarize the cell
  4. Hyperpolarize the cell
  5. Have no effect on the membrane potential
    6.
A

If the membrane potential of a cell equals the equilibrium potential of an ion, opening of channels selective for the ion will

  1. Increase the intracellular concentration of the ion
  2. Decrease the intracellular concentration of the ion
  3. Depolarize the cell
  4. Hyperpolarize the cell
  5. Have no effect on the membrane potential
43
Q

Which of the following values is unnecessary when finding the equilibrium potential of an ion using the Nernst equation?

  • Electrochemical potential of the ion
  • Permeability of the membrane to the ion
  • Selectivity of the ion channel to the ion
  • Resting membrane potential
  • Charge of the ion
  • Molecular weight of the ion
  • Faraday’s Constant
  • Intracellular ion concentration
  • Extracellular ion concentration
  • Temperature
A

Which of the following values is unnecessary when finding the equilibrium potential of an ion using the Nernst equation?

  • Electrochemical potential of the ion
  • Permeability of the membrane to the ion
  • Selectivity of the ion channel to the ion
  • Resting membrane potential
  • Charge of the ion
  • Molecular weight of the ion
  • Faraday’s Constant
  • Intracellular ion concentration
  • Extracellular ion concentration
  • Temperature
44
Q

Which of the following is found in greater concentration inside the cell than outside?

A

K+

45
Q

Which of the following receptors spans the cell membrane just once.

  1. Catalytic receptor
  2. Enzyme-linked receptor
  3. G-protein coupled receptor
  4. Intracellular receptor
  5. Ionotropic receptor
  6. Metabotropic receptor
  7. Receptor enzyme
  8. Receptor phosphatase
  9. Receptor guanylyl cyclase
  10. Soluable guanylyl cyclase
A

Which of the following receptors spans the cell membrane just once.

  1. Catalytic receptor
  2. Enzyme-linked receptor
  3. G-protein coupled receptor
  4. Intracellular receptor
  5. Ionotropic receptor
  6. Metabotropic receptor
  7. Receptor enzyme
  8. Receptor phosphatase
  9. Receptor guanylyl cyclase
  10. Soluable guanylyl cyclase
46
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

  1. All intracellular receptors are transcription factors.
  2. All transcription factors are intracellular receptors
  3. Gene expression is regulated by intracellular receptors and not by transmembrane receptors.
  4. Glucocorticoids are transcription factors.
  5. none of the above
  6. all of the above
A

Which of the following statements is true?

  1. All intracellular receptors are transcription factors.
  2. All transcription factors are intracellular receptors
  3. Gene expression is regulated by intracellular receptors and not by transmembrane receptors.
  4. Glucocorticoids are transcription factors.
  5. none of the above
  6. all of the above
47
Q

What would be the effect of a mutation of a G-protein such that it no longer has GTPase activity?

  1. The percentage of G proteins bound to GDP would increase.
  2. The concentration of free βγ subunits would decrease.
  3. The signaling pathway would be constitutively active.
  4. The pathway mediated by the G protein would be inactivated.
  5. none of the above
A

What would be the effect of a mutation of a G-protein such that it no longer has GTPase activity?

  1. The percentage of G proteins bound to GDP would increase.
  2. The concentration of free βγ subunits would decrease.
  3. The signaling pathway would be constitutively active.
  4. The pathway mediated by the G protein would be inactivated.
  5. none of the above
48
Q

Which of the following receptors are ionotropic receptors?

  1. GABAB receptor
  2. NMDA receptor
  3. Nicotinic receptor
  4. GABAC receptor
  5. 5-HT3 receptor
  6. AMPA receptor
  7. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
  8. TRP channel
  9. Rhodopsin
A

Which of the following receptors are ionotropic receptors?

  1. GABAB receptor
  2. NMDA receptor
  3. Nicotinic receptor
  4. GABAC receptor
  5. 5-HT3 receptor
  6. AMPA receptor
  7. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
  8. TRP channel
  9. Rhodopsin
49
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters have only metabotropic receptors

  1. Glutamate, GABA
  2. Ach, GABA
  3. Ach, 5-HT
  4. NE, 5-HT
  5. DA, 5-HT
  6. DA, NE
  7. None of the above
A

Which of the following neurotransmitters have only metabotropic receptors

  1. Glutamate, GABA
  2. Ach, GABA
  3. Ach, 5-HT
  4. NE, 5-HT
  5. DA, 5-HT
  6. DA, NE
  7. None of the above
50
Q

Arachidonic acid is freed from membrane lipids by the enzyme

  1. PLB
  2. PLC
  3. PLD
  4. PLE
  5. PLA1
  6. PLA2
  7. PLA3
  8. DAG lipase
A

Arachidonic acid is freed from membrane lipids by the enzyme

  1. PLB
  2. PLC
  3. PLD
  4. PLE
  5. PLA1
  6. PLA2
  7. PLA3
  8. DAG lipase
51
Q

Which of the following statements about calmodulin (CaM) is true?

  1. CaM is a kinase.
  2. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is a CaM kinase.
  3. CaM kinases are kinases activated by Ca2+-CaM complex.
  4. CaM is a substrate of kinases and phosphotases.
  5. CaM stimulates nitric oxide synthase (NOS).
  6. CaM activates Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase (MLCP).
  7. Activation of MLCK in vascular smooth muscle cells leads to vasoconstriction.
  8. Activation of NOS in vascular endothelial cells leads to vasodilation.
  9. Formation of Ca2+-CaM complex is required for muscle contraction.
  10. Ca2+ binds to CaM and then activates protein kinase C.
A

Which of the following statements about calmodulin (CaM) is true?

  1. CaM is a kinase.
  2. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is a CaM kinase.
  3. CaM kinases are kinases activated by Ca2+-CaM complex.
  4. CaM is a substrate of kinases and phosphotases.
  5. CaM stimulates nitric oxide synthase (NOS).
  6. CaM activates Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase (MLCP).
  7. Activation of MLCK in vascular smooth muscle cells leads to vasoconstriction.
  8. Activation of NOS in vascular endothelial cells leads to vasodilation.
  9. Formation of Ca2+-CaM complex is required for muscle contraction.
  10. Ca2+ binds to CaM and then activates protein kinase C.
52
Q

Ionotropic receptors are

  1. Cell surface receptors
  2. Transmembrane receptors
  3. Ligand-gated channels
  4. Voltage-gated channels
  5. Ion channels
  6. Capable of mediating facilitated diffusion Secondary active transporters
  7. Passive transporters
  8. Pumps
A

Ionotropic receptors are

  1. Cell surface receptors
  2. Transmembrane receptors
  3. Ligand-gated channels
  4. Voltage-gated channels
  5. Ion channels
  6. Capable of mediating facilitated diffusion
  7. Secondary active transporters
  8. Passive transporters
  9. Pumps
53
Q

Which of the following statements is True?

  1. Activation of receptor guanylyl cyclase can also lead to smooth muscle relaxation.
  2. Viagra inhibits the effect of NO.
  3. Viagra potentiates the effect of NO.
  4. cGMP, by activating protein kinase G (PKG), activates myosin light chain (MLC) phosphatase.
  5. MLC phosphatase dephosphorylates myosin light chains, leading to smooth muscle relaxation.
  6. NO synthase can be activated by Ca2+/calmodulin.
  7. NO increases cGMP levels by stimulating the cytosolic, soluble guanylyl cyclase, which is also known as NO receptor.
  8. NO increases cGMP levels by stimulating receptor guanylyl cyclase, which is also known as membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase.
A

Which of the following statements is True?

  1. Activation of receptor guanylyl cyclase can also lead to smooth muscle relaxation.
  2. Viagra inhibits the effect of NO.
  3. Viagra potentiates the effect of NO.
  4. cGMP, by activating protein kinase G (PKG), activates myosin light chain (MLC) phosphatase.
  5. MLC phosphatase dephosphorylates myosin light chains, leading to smooth muscle relaxation.
  6. NO synthase can be activated by Ca2+/calmodulin.
  7. NO increases cGMP levels by stimulating the cytosolic, soluble guanylyl cyclase, which is also known as NO receptor.
  8. NO increases cGMP levels by stimulating receptor guanylyl cyclase, which is also known as membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase.
54
Q

Which of the following receptors do not span the cell membrane seven times?

  1. 5-HT3 receptor
  2. Adrenergic receptor
  3. Dopamine receptor
  4. GABAA receptor
  5. GABAB receptor
  6. Intracellular receptor
  7. Muscarinic receptor
  8. Norepinephrine receptor
  9. PGE2 receptor
    1. Receptor enzyme
A

Which of the following receptors do not span the cell membrane seven times?

  1. 5-HT3 receptor
  2. Adrenergic receptor
  3. Dopamine receptor
  4. GABAA receptor
  5. GABAB receptor
  6. Intracellular receptor
  7. Muscarinic receptor
  8. Norepinephrine receptor
  9. PGE2 receptor
  10. Receptor enzyme
55
Q

Which of the following catalytic receptors do not contain catalytic domains

  1. Receptor tyrosine phosphatases
  2. Receptor tyrosine kinases
  3. Receptor guanylyl cyclases
  4. Receptor serine/threonine kinases
  5. Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors
A

Which of the following catalytic receptors do not contain catalytic domains

  1. Receptor tyrosine phosphatases
  2. Receptor tyrosine kinases
  3. Receptor guanylyl cyclases
  4. Receptor serine/threonine kinases
  5. Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors
56
Q

Activation of receptors coupled to Gi

  1. decreases intracellular DAG
  2. decreases intracellular cAMP
  3. increases intracellular cAMP
  4. increases intracellular IP3
  5. increases intracellular Ca2+
A

Activation of receptors coupled to Gi

  1. decreases intracellular DAG
  2. decreases intracellular cAMP
  3. increases intracellular cAMP
  4. increases intracellular IP3
  5. increases intracellular Ca2+
57
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

  • Glucocorticoids bind to COX directly to inhibit the activity of COX.
  • Glucocorticoids are a class of steroids and are anti-inflammatory.
  • Glucocorticoids are analgesics.
  • Ibuprofen is an analgesic.
  • Aspirin is an analgesic.
  • Acetaminophen is an analgesic.
  • Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is not an NSAID.
  • Acetaminophen does not inhibits COX.
  • COX plays an important role in inflammation.
  • COX is inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
A

Which of the following statements is true?

  • Glucocorticoids bind to COX directly to inhibit the activity of COX.
  • Glucocorticoids are a class of steroids and are anti-inflammatory.
  • Glucocorticoids are analgesics.
  • Ibuprofen is an analgesic.
  • Aspirin is an analgesic.
  • Acetaminophen is an analgesic.
  • Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is not an NSAID.
  • Acetaminophen does not inhibits COX.
  • COX plays an important role in inflammation.
  • COX is inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
58
Q

Which of the following receptors are ionotropic receptors?

  1. 5-HT3 receptors
  2. AMPA receptor
  3. Dopamine receptor
  4. GABAB receptor
  5. Metabotropic glutamate receptor
  6. Muscarinic Ach receptor
  7. Nicotinic receptor
  8. Norepinephrine receptor
A

Which of the following receptors are ionotropic receptors?

  1. 5-HT3 receptors
  2. AMPA receptor
  3. Dopamine receptor
  4. GABAB receptor
  5. Metabotropic glutamate receptor
  6. Muscarinic Ach receptor
  7. Nicotinic receptor
  8. Norepinephrine receptor
59
Q

Which second messengers are released when Gq-coupled receptors are activated?

  1. AA
  2. cAMP
  3. cGMP
  4. Ca2+
  5. DAG
  6. Diacylglycerol
  7. IP3
  8. NO
A

Which second messengers are released when Gq-coupled receptors are activated?

  1. AA
  2. cAMP
  3. cGMP
  4. Ca2+
  5. DAG
  6. Diacylglycerol
  7. IP3
  8. NO
60
Q

Which of the following statements about G-protein signaling pathways is true?

  1. G-proteins may act as transcription factors.
  2. G-proteins are GTP binding proteins.
  3. G-proteins are transmembrane proteins.
  4. G-proteins are GTPase.
  5. G-proteins are kinases.
  6. When activated, G-proteins may have an effect on ion channels.
  7. G-proteins activate or inactivate a variety pathways within the cell through 2nd messenger systems.
  8. Each G-protein complex contains 2 subunits.
  9. Receptor tyrosine kinases directly activate G-proteins, which in turn activate 2nd messengers.
  10. βγ subunits also affect downstream effectors.
A

Which of the following statements about G-protein signaling pathways is true?

  1. G-proteins may act as transcription factors.
  2. G-proteins are GTP binding proteins.
  3. G-proteins are transmembrane proteins.
  4. G-proteins are GTPase.
  5. G-proteins are kinases.
  6. When activated, G-proteins may have an effect on ion channels.
  7. G-proteins activate or inactivate a variety pathways within the cell through 2nd messenger systems.
  8. Each G-protein complex contains 2 subunits.
  9. Receptor tyrosine kinases directly activate G-proteins, which in turn activate 2nd messengers.
  10. βγ subunits also affect downstream effectors.
61
Q

Given these events: (1) GDP is released from the α subunit, (2) GTP is converted to GDP, (3) the α subunit separates from the β and γ units. List the order in which the events occur GPCR.

A

1,3,2

62
Q

Protein Kinases

  1. Are also phosphatase
  2. Are also ATPases
  3. Are also GTPases
  4. Are also lipases
  5. May act as transmembrane receptors
  6. May be activated by transmembrane receptors
  7. are enzymes that phosphorylate other proteins by transferring a phosphate group from ATP
  8. can phosphorylate other enzymes and activate or inactivate them
  9. serve as a switch to convert a receptor into an ion channel in the plasma membrane
A

Protein Kinases

  1. Are also phosphatase
  2. Are also ATPases
  3. Are also GTPases
  4. Are also lipases
  5. May act as transmembrane receptors
  6. May be activated by transmembrane receptors
  7. Are enzymes that phosphorylate other proteins by transferring a phosphate group from ATP
  8. Can phosphorylate other enzymes and activate or inactivate them
  9. serve as a switch to convert a receptor into an ion channel in the plasma membrane
63
Q

Activation of a GPCR may

  1. Activate adenylate cyclase.
  2. Affect gene expression.
  3. increase intracellular IP3.
  4. Inhibit the synthesis of cAMP.
  5. Change the membrane potential.
  6. Cause ion channels to open or close.
A

Activation of a GPCR may

  1. Activate adenylate cyclase.
  2. Affect gene expression.
  3. increase intracellular IP3.
  4. Inhibit the synthesis of cAMP.
  5. Change the membrane potential.
  6. Cause ion channels to open or close.

(all of the above)

64
Q

Which of the following drugs inhibits the synthesis of eicosanoids (e.g. prostaglandins, thromboxanes)?

  1. All analgesic drugs
  2. Glucocorticoids
  3. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
  4. Aspirin
  5. Acetominiphen
A

Which of the following drugs inhibits the synthesis of eicosanoids (e.g. prostaglandins, thromboxanes)?

  1. All analgesic drugs
  2. Glucocorticoids
  3. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
  4. Aspirin
  5. Acetominiphen
65
Q

A chemical produced when a G protein activates an enzyme is called

  1. agonist
  2. ligand
  3. transcription factor
  4. transmitter
  5. signaling molecule
  6. 2nd messenger
A

A chemical produced when a G protein activates an enzyme is called

  1. agonist
  2. ligand
  3. transcription factor
  4. transmitter
  5. signaling molecule
  6. 2nd messenger

Physiology I Midterm (4 decks)

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