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Cardiopulm > Quiz 1 Content > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Content Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory center is in the…

A

Medulla

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2
Q

When respiration is controlled only from the medulla, what happens to the rate?

A

Slows down.

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3
Q

What part of the brain helps mediate the rate of breathing so that it is even and rhythmical?

A

Pons

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4
Q

Chemical mediation happens first through the blood brain barrier where ____ signals _____ levels.

A

H+, CO2

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5
Q

What is our primary drive to breath?

A

To get rid of CO2

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6
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located? What are they sensitive to? What do they stimulate?

A

Carotid and aortic bodies
Sensitive to hypoxemia
Stimulates increased respiration

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7
Q

Spinal cord receives information regarding motion/activity, which stimulates _______ to _______ RR.

A

Medulla, increase

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8
Q

Juxtacapillary or J-receptors are stimulated by? They respond by causing?

A

Hyperinflation of the lungs; they respond by causing bronchoconstriction and increased mucous.

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9
Q

What receptors play a role in protecting the lungs during times of threats from chemicals, thermal agents, and other environmental stressors?

A

J-receptors

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10
Q

Ventilation/perfusion (VQ) is influenced by _________ and ________.

A

Gravity and positioning

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11
Q

Does perfusion or ventilation increase as you move from apex to base in the upright lung?

A

Perfusion is 3 times that of ventilation.

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12
Q

What is perfusion?

A

Oxygen into the bloodstream and CO2 out.

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13
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration and out of the lungs during expiration.

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13
Q

The majority of the blood flow occurs in the ______ as a result of the effects of ________ in an upright position.

A

Bases; gravity

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14
Q

The most dependent tissue will get the greatest or least amount of perfusion?

A

Greatest

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15
Q

For ventilation, the most depended hemi-diaphragm will have the greatest or least amount of excursion? Why?

A

Greatest excursion since the part of the diaphragm is at a good length-tension relationship.

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16
Q

If you have a patient in right sidelying, which lung will have the greatest perfusion and ventilation?

A

Right

17
Q

Having elastic properties allows the lungs to….

A

Return to resting levels immediately following the work of the muscles and inspiration.

18
Q

Fremitus is the measure of…

A

Vibration of voice or from secretions

19
Q

Hyporesonant fremitus is caused by…

A

Decreased air moving due to COPD or fluid, or lung collapse

20
Q

Hyperresonant fremitus is caused by…

A

Echo of air moving in lung, really only caused by consolidated pneumonia.

21
Q

Flat percussion is caused by…

A

Being over viscera

22
Q

Dull percussion is caused by…

A

Muffled or filtered through increased density of tissue such as consolidation or tumor.

23
Q

Hyperresonant percussion is caused by…

A

Amplified over open space

24
Q

Which test measures the presence or absence of breath sounds?

A

Auscultation

25
Q

What happens to fremitus with air/overinflation; fluid; or increased density in the lungs?

A

Decreases, decreases, increases.

26
Q

What happens to percussion with air/overinflation; fluid; or increased density in the lungs?

A

Increases, decreases, decreases.

27
Q

Fine crackles are heard at the end of inspiration and suggest….

A

Sudden opening of small airways: CHF, pulmonary fibrosis, atelectasis.

28
Q

High pitched moist crackles occurring throughout the breathing cycle suggest…

A

Fluid

29
Q

Wheezes are indicative of _______ ___________ due to either mucous or bronchoconstriction.

A

Airway obstruction.

30
Q

Why are rates of dissociation increased with low pH?

A

Since low pH is inversely related with CO2, a low pH will have increased levels of CO2 and we know that CO2 has an easier time binding to hemoglobin compared to O2.

31
Q

What will a chest x-ray show on a patient with OLD?

A

Hyperinflated lungs, flattened diaphragm, and increased right ventricular size.

32
Q

Which pulmonary function tests are increased or decreased? Why?

A

Increased RV, TLC, FRC; decreased forced VC and FEV1. We are getting air stuck in the lungs and that is where the problem is. Hyperinflation will lead to difficulties getting air stuck and not getting it out.

33
Q

Should you train the inspiratory muscles in a patient with COPD?

A

Yes because patients experience improved overall functional capacity because they will have more energy to breath in and out; if they strengthen these muscles, the patient will become more efficient and it won’t take as much extra energy for them.

34
Q

When exercising a patient with COPD, what two vitals do we want to closely monitor?

A

Dyspnea and HR

35
Q

Where do we want out patients to be on the borg modified dyspnea scale and dyspnea scale?

A

2-3

36
Q

What does the COPD self-efficacy scale look at?

A

How confident the patient is that they could manage breathing difficulty or avoid breathing difficulty in particular situations.

37
Q

What do you want to encourage in patients with CF?

A

To be as active as possible! It helps break up secretions

38
Q

Positive expiratory pressure devices are used to…

A

Break up secretions from the vibrations created during expiration.

39
Q

Treatment of asthma.

A

Figure out the trigger(s) and avoid it/them; maintain or improve functional endurance; meds; and breathing techniques during attacks.

40
Q

How to help patients with exercise induced asthma.

A

Prophylactic bronchodilator; importance of a warm up; use of masks/scarf; watch for signs of impending attack.

Cardiopulm (4 decks)

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