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Mass Media > Quiz 1 (Chapters 1 and 2) > Flashcards

Quiz 1 (Chapters 1 and 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Interpersonal Communication

A

Two people communicating face to face, or through texting or skype (technology)

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2
Q

Group Communication

A

Involves more than two people in person or through group chat. A larger group in which one person or a few people dominate the process of communicating ideas.

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3
Q

Mass communication

A

Technology assisted communication that involves sending messages to large and heterogenous (& eclectic) faraway audiences. Lacks immediate feedback - feedback delayed.

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4
Q

Feedback

A

Response to a message

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5
Q

Harold Lasswell Model

A 
Pick any media message. Ask these four questions:
Who says what?
In which channel?
To whom? 
With what effect?
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6
Q

Levels of Communication

A

Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Group/Public
Mass

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7
Q

Intrapersonal Communication

A

Communication with ourselves.

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8
Q

Motivation for mass communication is

A

Economic or political

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9
Q

4 types of mass media

A

Print media/technology
Chemical media/technology (celluloid film - cinema)
Electronic media/technology (TV and radio)
Digital media/technology (internet)

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10
Q

Singular of media

A

Medium

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11
Q

Two key terms of the mass communication process

A

Redundancy and Entropy

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12
Q

Redundancy

A

Repeating. Redundancy of content (advertising) and form/format (TV show, graphics, genre)

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13
Q

Entropy

A

Creation of something new. Risky. If entropic idea works, it eventually becomes redundant (copied)

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14
Q

Simplest form of communication

A

1 to 1 communication

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15
Q

Shannon Weaver Model of Interpersonal communication

A
  1. Stimulation (stimulated to communicate)
  2. Encoding (choose the words)
  3. Transmission (say the words)
  4. Reception (hearing the words)
  5. Decoding (Know what the words are)
  6. Internalization (personal understanding of the message)
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16
Q

Limitation of models

A

Too simple to fully represent reality - Zillions of messages.

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17
Q

The Concentric Circle Model illustrates what?

A

The obstacles that a mass communicated message has to go through to reach the audience.

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18
Q

Essential components of Concentric Circle Model

A

Gatekeepers, Regulators, Gatekeeper-Regulator hybrid, Media Amplification

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19
Q

Gatekeepers

A

Media people who control what message the audience gets. Due to limited space and time.

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20
Q

Regulators

A

Non-media people
Official regulatory bodies and their committees.
Influence what we hear and see.

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21
Q

CRTC

A

Canadian Broadcasting Regulator

Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.

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22
Q

Gatekeeper-regulator hybrid

A

Self-regulatory bodies and their committees.

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23
Q

Why Canada has Gatekeeper-regulator hybrids

A

We don’t like too much gov regulation in Canada. Corporations ask the government to have few regulations, and instead self-regulate.

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24
Q

Examples of gatekeeper-regulator hybrids

A

CAB/CBSC (Canadian Broadcast standards council), Press councils, Advertising Standards Canada

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25
Q

Media Amplification

A

Media coverage increases exposure/legitimacy of individuals, issues, etc. Media can amplify a message to a large audience. (made possible by technology)

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26
Q

Two types of Communication Impediments

A

In-process impediments (noise) and deciphering impediments (filters)

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27
Q

Noise

A

Transmission interference

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28
Q

Types of Noise

A

Semantic
Channel
Environmental

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29
Q

Semantic Noise

A

Not expressed properly, misspoken

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30
Q

Channel Noise

A

Transmission is broken up in some way, usually due to technology.

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31
Q

Environmental Noise

A

Distraction from environment

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32
Q

Filter

A

Receiver Interference

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33
Q

Types of Filters

A

Informational
Physical
Psychological

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34
Q

Informational Filter

A

lack of knowledge impedes decoding of the message (ie not knowing English)

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35
Q

Physical filter

A

Physical ability impedes deciphering message (hearing impediment)

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36
Q

Psychological filter

A

emotional or ideological state impedes deciphering of the message (different political view). Relationship that you have with the receiver important.

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37
Q

Points Model Situations

A

Linear Communication, Mass Communication, Web Communication (internet)

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38
Q

Linear communication

A

A to B (like telegraph). Sender controls the message.

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39
Q

Mass Communication

A

Message from centralized A sent to many Bs. Sender controls the message.

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40
Q

Problem with mass communication points model

A

There should be a few As (centers) instead of one. And a lot more Bs.

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41
Q

Web communication

A

Every point in the network can send and receive messages. The recipient has access to every point and can control what is received.

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42
Q

Founders of the Toronto School or Canadian School of Communication

A

Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan.

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43
Q

Common thing between Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan

A

They were both determinists

44
Q

Determinists

A

Believed that the physical form of the communication determined its psychological and social effects.

45
Q

Marshall McLuhan famous phrase (and adaptation)

A

The medium is the message, the medium is the massage

46
Q

Hot media

A

Fully engages your attention - print media and cinema

47
Q

Explain the medium is the massage

A

When someone gives you a massage, they want to bring your defenses down. The media seduces us with the prettiness (to take advantage of in advertising)

48
Q

How did rulers stay in power according to Harold Innis?

A

Through their “monopolies of knowledge”

49
Q

Communication Bias

A

Harold Innis’ theory that a dominant media can influence a society for a time and space.

50
Q

Harold Innis said that the shift from oral to literate communication changed what?

A

Changed the control of information, how societies expanded, etc.

51
Q

Media Ubiquity

A

We are constantly exposed to media today

52
Q

Mass Media

A

The vehicles which are used to transmit a message to a mass audience.

53
Q

CRTC role

A

Ensures that Canadians are seen and heard on Canadian Media

54
Q

Average number of hours that we are involved in media activity per day

A

5 hours (indicated by Ball state study)

55
Q

Ball state data included what type of information?

A

Technology-assisted interpersonal communication and mass communication.

56
Q

concurrent media usage

A

Media multitasking - individuals using different media at the same time.

57
Q

John Milton

A

Wrote Areopagitica - in favor of free expression (marketplace of ideas).

58
Q

Reasons we need media

A

Personal dependence (like the weather), information (news), entertainment (drama), persuasion (public debate/advertising)

59
Q

marketplace of ideas

A

Exchange of ideas leads to a better consensus.

60
Q

Inescapable symbiosis

A

Media needs audience, audience needs media.

61
Q

8 dimensions in the range of communication influence

A

Social, Political, Economic, Educational, Cultural, Technological, Familial, Individual

62
Q

What determined the dimensions in the range of communication influence

A

UNESCO report

63
Q

Society

A

People living in a common territory with a common culture that interact and connect with each other.

64
Q

Social Dimension

A

Mass communication fulfills a social need (unification). Mass media conveys a sense of connectivity by telling stories in a specific perspective and linking people.

65
Q

Political Dimension

A

Mass communication is a political instrument. Politicians carefully use media to get their message out. More powerful politicians have greater control over their message in the media. News media have, to a certain degree, influence over the political process.

66
Q

Economic Dimension

A

Economic Forces dominate mass communication. Business interests dominate everything that media companies do (Disney)

67
Q

Why Canadian TV shows suck compared to American ones

A

Economic factors. Canadian TV shows can not make a profit - not enough money to produce good shows. Canadian radio and tv channels can maximize profits by showing as much American content as possible.

68
Q

Educational Dimension

A

Mass communication has educational potential. This potential may not be realized.

69
Q

Examples of educational programming

A

Sesame Street, Discovery Channel

70
Q

Problem with Sesame Street

A

Slowed down attention span development of kids, as it was made for the attention span of kids of a specific age, with its relatively fast and short segments.

71
Q

Cultural dimension

A

Mass communication can serve as both an impulse (drive) and threat to culture.

72
Q

Technological Dimension

A

Mass communication involves a technological dilemma.

73
Q

Technological Dilemma

A

Mass communication develops so quickly that it is difficult for society to catch up in terms of developing new technologies. Another problem: Cultural lag. Society takes time to adapt to new technologies and understand their consequences.

74
Q

Cultural Lag

A

The delay between the implementation of a new change in the society’s culture to the rest of society catching up.

75
Q

Familial Dimension

A

(or primary group) - Mass communication changes the dynamics of the family (or primary group). Every time a new form of mass communication enters the house, it brings a family closer or further apart (changes how we interact). Mass communication affects the power and influence that families have - it has become a very powerful agent of socialization.

76
Q

Individual Dimension

A

Mass communication aids and constrains the development of individual identity. Mass media is an agent of socialization that tells us not to behave in certain ways (constraint). Mass media also presents stereotypes, making us see others and the world in the same way (what is attractive, etc.)

77
Q

event that happened in 1927

A

Diamond Jubilee - Radio broadcast Canada

78
Q

Moral Consensus

A

What society considers as acceptable or inexcusable.

79
Q

What contributes to moral consensus?

A

The media

80
Q

Melding

A

Distinctions between media are becoming blurred as a result of digitization of content. Reading a book vs reading a Kindle.

81
Q

Mass media trends

A

Melding, demassification, and creation of new media

82
Q

Demassification

A

Shift away from general masses to specialized/segmented audiences. Narrowcasting. Multiple delivery methods for same content (pay per view)

83
Q

Narrowcasting

A

Targeting niche audiences. Advertisers spend less money on a single large channel.

84
Q

Development of new media challenges…

A

Mainstream media (MSM)

85
Q

How do book publishers earn money?

A

Readers, Movie rights

86
Q

How do movies earn money?

A

Advertising and product placement.

87
Q

Revenue Streams

A

Ways of making money

88
Q

Types of revenue streams

A

Circulation and Advertising revenue, and government subsidies.

89
Q

Circulation Revenue

A

Revenue from audience: Donations, subscriptions, etc.

90
Q

Newspapers care about this

A

Circulation numbers, not revenue, because of advertising, which is where they earn most of their income, as distribution is expensive.

91
Q

Government subsidies

A

Media is subsidized by Canadian government to help them better compete in external markets. + Public broadcasting.

92
Q

Government subsidies have been doing this over the past few years.

A

Decreasing.

93
Q

Revenue sharing process between subsidiary and large corporation

A

Before a small subsidiary can get enough circulation to get enough advertising revenue, the parent corporation agrees to allow it to operate in the red (at a loss) until they build their audience.

94
Q

Corporate Structures

A

Conglomeration and Convergence

95
Q

Consolidation of Media chains

A

A small number of independent groups get bought out or get together to form a larger group - become a more powerful player.

96
Q

Another term for conglomeration

A

Concentration of Ownership

97
Q

Conglomeration

A

horizontal integration/chain ownership. A whole type of media owned by a single group

98
Q

Postmedia News Chain

A

Collection of newspapers across Canada, including the Montreal Gazette and the National Post.

99
Q

Benefits of the Gazette being part of the Postmedia News Chain?

A

The Gazette doesn’t have to worry about reporting something on the other side of Canada. Can use other newspapers’ resources.

100
Q

Convergence

A

Vertical integration of media conglomerates. Grouping of many different types of media.

101
Q

Examples of Convergence

A

Rogers Media (Sportsnet, MacLean’s), Shaw, Bell Media (CTV, CHUM Radio), Quebecor (Sun Media)

102
Q

A big reason for media consolidation

A

Companies want to control content providers and content distributors, so that they can offer consumers access to their content everywhere, anytime, and on any device.

103
Q

Critic of media consolidation

A

Ben Bagdikian

104
Q

Ben Bagdikian’s criticisms

A

Consolidation of media allows companies to control the entire process: from manuscript to the film on our screens. Hinders diversity of mass media messages.

105
Q

Digital technology

A

Digital technology codes messages into 1s and 0s for transmission, and then decodes them into their original appearance.

106
Q

Media Convergence

A

Melding of print, electronic, and photographic media into electronic form.

107
Q

Media Convergence process

A

Distribution, Devices, Distinctions, Production, Democratization

Mass Media (5 decks)

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