quiz 1 -bio (2.1-2.6) Flashcards
cytoplasm
jelly like substance, supports other organelles, contains nutrients
cell membrane
protective layer around cell, controls what enters and exits the cell
nucleus
large circle in cell, controls activity in cell, contains dna
nucleolus
small dark circle in nucleus, where ribosome is produced
nuclear membrane
phospholipid bilayer (fats) that separate nucleus from cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum (er)
squiggly lines near nucleus that help to transport materials/proteins through cell
ribosome
tiny black dots commonly attached to er or float around cytoplasm, builds proteins for cell
golgi bodies/golgi apparatus
“stack of pancakes” that collect, modify, process, and package materials to be removed from cell
lysosome
medium circles with membranes in cytoplasm that contains chemicals to digest unwanted items. only in animal cells
mitochondrion
circles/ovals with folds inside, known as powerhouse of the cell since they perform cellular respiration (oxygen +sugar—> energy)
vacuoles
light coloured circles/ovals that store nutrients, water, waste products. larger in plant cells than animals cells
cytoskeleton
internal network of fibres that help maintain cell shape
centrioles
looks like two twizzlers, involved in cell division and coordination of spindle fibres. only in animal cells
cell wall
thick layer on outside of plant cells that give plant structure and support. only in plant cells
central vacuole
large vacuole located beside nucleus that helps give plant cells structure. only in plant cells
chloroplast
oval shaped organelle with ovals/lines that’s usually found on edge of cell. contains chlorophyll that allows plants to go through photosynthesis. only in plant cells
all living things must have what characteristics?
nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, reproduction, cells
cell theory?
- all organisms are composed of one or more cells
- the cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation in organisms
- all living cells come from pre existing cells
characteristics of prokaryotes
-no nucleus, only nucleoid that contains dna
- smaller, less complex than eukaryotes
- unicellular
characteristics of eukaryotes
- multicellular or unicellular
- has nucleus that contains dna
- larger than prokaryotes
passive movement definition
no energy needed to occur
why do cells divide
to grow, reproduce, and repair
the larger the cell becomes, the ____ efficiently it functions
less
definition of apoptosis
controlled cell death because of a faulty cell
explain asexual reproduction
- done usually by unicellular organisms
- only need one parent
- off-spring is genetically identical to parent
describe sexual reproduction
- multicellular organisms
- need two parents
- offspring created are unique
- specialized cells called gametes combine to produce offspring
gametes
specialized cells that contain half of the dna usually found in a cell (important for sexual reproduction)
what does the cell cycle include
g1 phase
s phase
g2 phase
g0 phase
mitosis
cytokinesis
what happens in the g1 phase of the cell cycle
- rapid growth of cell
- continues to do specialized function
cell can only move on when - it’s large enough
- has enough nutrients
- is in a suitable environment
what happens in the s phase of the cell cycle
- dna replication occurs in preparation of cell division
what happens in the g2 phase of the cell cycle
- cell prepare to divide
- organelles duplicate
- centrioles form
- cell is still growing
cell can only move on if dna is duplicated correctly
what happens in the g0 phase of the cell cycle
- cell carries out normal function
- doesn’t divide
what happens during mitosis in the cell cycle
- PMAT
- division of genetic material to create two new cells with identical dna
can only move on if chromosomes are divided correctly
what happens during cytokinesis
- where cell separates into two
- cytoplasm divides
- organelles divide
end with two identical cells
why would a cell remain in interphase
- signals from other cells telling the. not to divide
- not enough nutrients
- dna hasn’t been replicated
- dna is damaged
