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grade 10 science > body systems - bio (2.13-2.18) > Flashcards

body systems - bio (2.13-2.18) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the tube that runs from mouth to anus called?

A

gut/alimentary canal

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2
Q

example of mechanical digestion

A

chewing food in mouth, food churning in stomach

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3
Q

example of chemical digestion

A

saliva in mouth/acid in stomach

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4
Q

what is the pathway of digestion?

A

mouth, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, (liver, gallbladder, pancreas), small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

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5
Q

where is saliva produced? what does saliva digest?

A

produced in salivary glands, digests starch

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6
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

flap that covers trachea, makes sure food goes down the right tube

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7
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

muscular contractions along digestive tract and esophagus that moves food through digestive system

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8
Q

what are the muscle contractions in GI tube called?

A

peristalsis

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9
Q

what is stomach acid? what does it break down?

A

HCl(aq)/hydrochloric acid, enzymes from acid break down proteins

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10
Q

define enzymes

A

biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions, allows food to be broken down quickly in stomach

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11
Q

what does the liver produce? what does it digest?

A

produces bile which digests fats and kills foreign bacteria

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12
Q

function of the gallbladder

A

stores bile from liver, releases when needed

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13
Q

function of pancreas

A

releases enzymes that digest carbs, fats, and proteins

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14
Q

function of small intestine

A

location of majority of chemical digestion, absorbs nutrients

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15
Q

function of large intestine

A

absorbs water, carbs are digested by symbiotic bacteria, feces are formed

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16
Q

define symbiotic bacteria

A

bacteria that lives naturally with another organism, both benefit one another

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17
Q

what are accessory organs? give examples from digestive system

A
  • helps with chemical digestion by releasing enzymes and juices into digestive tract
  • food doesn’t actually pass through these organs
  • ex. liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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18
Q

importance of physical/mechanical digestion

A
  • creates smaller pieces for body to break down
  • easier to pass through digestive tract
  • increases surface area of food to make chemical digestion quicker
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19
Q

importance of chemical digestion

A
  • allows food to be absorbed easier by body
  • breaks food down into smaller molecules
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20
Q

how do the digestive system and circulatory system work together?

A
  • nutrients absorbed by small intestine, water absorbed by large intestine, diffuses into circulatory system, oxygen from blood diffuses into small intestine
  • circulatory system transports nutrients + water around body
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21
Q

what are villi?

A

small projections on small intestines that absorb nutrients

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22
Q

what are on villi to maximize nutrient absorption?

A

microvilli

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23
Q

what is the purpose of villi and microvilli?

A

these folds on the inside of the intestines maximize surface area
- villi and microvilli absorb nutrients which diffuse into capillaries

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24
Q

blood vessels and the intestines?

A
  • blood travels through arteries to get to villi (has high oxygen, low nutrient)
  • blood gets to villi, oxygen diffuses into villi, nutrients from intestine diffuse into blood
  • blood goes out of villi through veins (blood has high nutrient, low oxygen)
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25
Q

purpose of cardiovascular system (circulatory system)

A

to transport substances to cells and tissues around the body

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26
Q

describe an open circulatory system

A
  • mostly found in invertebrates
  • blood pumped from heart goes into vessels, but once it reaches destination, blood leaves vessels and flows freely around cells to diffuse
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27
Q

describe a closed circulatory system

A
  • mostly found in vertebrates
  • blood is pumped from heart into vessels, blood stay in vessels, diffusion happens through vessel walls
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28
Q

what is the human circulatory system made up of

A

blood, blood vessels, and heart

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29
Q

function of arteries

A

a blood vessel that carries blood away from heart

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30
Q

function of platelets

A

small cell fragments in blood that helps blood clot, seal wounds, stop bleeding

31
Q

function of capillaries

A

tiny blood vessels that have very thin walls, red blood cells must pass in single file line
- usually used for diffusion

32
Q

function of veins

A

a blood vessel that carries blood to the heart

33
Q

function of red blood cells

A

contains hemoglobin the absorbs oxygen, transports through body

34
Q

function of white blood cells

A

cells in blood that fight against and destroy bacteria/viruses

35
Q

function of plasma

A

makes up 55% of blood and carrie’s blood cells, dissolved waste, dissolved nutrients, and hormones

36
Q

what are the 4 main jobs of the digestive system

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion

37
Q

describe path of blood in circulatory system

A
  • deoxygenated blood pumped from RIGHT ATRIUM to RIGHT VENTRICLE to lungs through PULMONARY ARTERY to go through diffusion
  • gas exchange occurs through capillaries in lung (CO2 from blood —> lungs, O2 from lungs —> blood)
  • oxygenated blood from lungs goes to LEFT ATRIUM to LEFT VENTRICLE of heart through PULMONARY VEIN
  • oxygenated blood from LEFT VENTRICLE gets pumped through body through arteries
  • gas exchange occurs all around body (CO2 from body cells —> blood, O2 from blood —> body cells)
  • deoxygenated blood goes through veins to RIGHT ATRIUM then RIGHT VENTRICLE
38
Q

purpose of respiratory system

A

to provide oxygen for body and allow for gas exchange

39
Q

how does breathing work?

A
  • involves air going in and out of lungs
  • the diaphragm muscle and muscles of ribs relax and contract to change air pressure in chest cavity to help breathing
40
Q

what happens to the ribs and diaphragm when you inhale?

A
  • diaphragm contracts causing it to move down
  • ribs contract causing it to move up and out
  • air pressure in chest decreases
  • air starts to fill chest cavity
41
Q

what happens to the ribs and diaphragm when you exhale?

A
  • diaphragm relaxes causing it to move up
  • ribs relax causing it to move down and in
  • air pressure increases in chest cavity
  • air is pushed out
42
Q

difference between pharynx and larynx

A

pharynx
- is the throat
- air, food, liquid pass through here
- located above larynx
larynx
- is the voice box
- sound is produced here
- located below the pharynx

43
Q

what muscle moves ribs during respiration

A

intercostal muscle

44
Q

what are the bronchi

A

2 branches that break from trachea into lungs

45
Q

what are bronchioles

A

branches in lungs that are smaller than bronchi

46
Q

human respiratory system and circulatory system working together?

A
  • inhalation to fill lungs with O2
  • deoxygenated blood from heart goes to alveoli through capillaries
  • diffusion occurs (CO2 from blood —> alveoli/lungs, O2 from alveoli/lungs —> capillaries)
  • oxygenated blood returns to heart
  • exhalation occurs to get rid of CO2
47
Q

define spiracles

A

external opening of insect that leads to their respiratory system (similar to how nose is an opening to lungs)

48
Q

structure of arteries

A
  • all arteries have pretty thick walls (must stand pressure of blood being ejected from heart)
  • arteries closest to the heart have the thickest walls
  • has smooth muscle + inner layer + outer layer
  • smooth muscle to carry blood away from heart to all organs/tissues
49
Q

structure of capillaries

A
  • made up of single layer of cells
  • minimizes distance of diffusion
50
Q

structure of arterioles

A
  • tubes with thick walls that can adjust width of tube
  • allows vessels to keep blood pressure at a certain level
51
Q

structure of venules

A
  • the smallest veins
  • very thin walls, prone to rupture
52
Q

structure of veins

A
  • pressure in veins are low, thinner walls
  • has valves to prevent back flow of blood
53
Q

describe relation between arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

A
  • arteries are divided into arterioles which are divided into capillaries
  • capillaries come together to for venules which come together to form veins
54
Q

how do nerve impulse travel through the neuron

A

nerve impulse move from dendrites to axon to axon terminal
- axon terminal connects to another neuron, muscle cells or gland

55
Q

what are the two parts of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

56
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of?

A
  • brain + spinal cord
  • it analyzes + store info then issues instructions
  • includes relay neurons (interneurons) that allow sensory and motor neurons to communicate with eachother, also connects neurons within brain and spinal cord
57
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A
  • peripheral nerves that transmits signals between CNS and rest of body
  • includes sensory neurons
  • includes motor neurons
58
Q

function of relay neurons

A
  • allows sensory and motor neurons to communicate with each other
  • connects neurons within brain and spinal cord
59
Q

function of sensory neurons

A
  • found in sensory organs
  • detect stimuli and sends information of stimuli to CNS
60
Q

function of motor neurons

A
  • controls response to stimuli
  • relay info from CNS about a stimuli (previously sent by sensory neuron) to either the somatic (voluntary) or autonomic (involuntary) nervous system
61
Q

explain how the reflex arc works

A
  1. stimuli stimulates pain receptors
  2. signal of pain sent through sensory neuron
  3. signal sent through relay neuron to brain and along motor neuron
  4. motor neuron activates a response (ex. contracting a muscle)
62
Q

what are 5 public health strategies?

A

immunization programs, smoke free environments, promoting healthy outdoor lifestyle, screening programs, health education

63
Q

what are produced after being given a vaccine

A

antibodies

64
Q

why was the small pox vaccine so effective?

A
  • virus didn’t mutate
  • only present in humans
  • not easily transmissible
  • vaccine was easy to transport
  • only one vaccine was needed
  • symptoms are quick to develop (easy to spot)
65
Q

how many doses of the measles vaccine are needed?

A

3, (1 year, 1.5 years, 4-6 years)

66
Q

how many canadian adults will have an HPV infections in their life?

A

7 out of 10

67
Q

how long does the protection from influenza last after a flu shot?

A

about 6 months as antibody levels in body decrease

68
Q

compare conventional and RNA vaccines

A

conventional
- can take weeks to produce
- must grow large batches of virus (bio hazardous)
- virus—>body, immune system produces antibodies, remembers virus
- many stages of testing, different for every vaccine
RNA vaccine
- takes about a week to produce
- can be transported around world through computer
- no virus is actually needed
- RNA—>cells, RNA tells cells to make antibodies, antibodies made are remembered
- process of creation could be standardized

69
Q

what is the goal of the smoke-free ontario strategy

A

to reduce and maybe eventually eradicate the use of tobacco and vape products in young people

70
Q

what is prenatal DNA screening?

A
  • take amniotic fluid from uterus/fetus cells to test for genetic conditions
71
Q

what is carrier DNA screening?

A
  • check DNA of parents to figure out risks of having child with genetic condition
72
Q

what is newborn DNA screening?

A
  • blood is taken from heel of newborn to screen for many conditins
73
Q

what is health education?

A

communicating healthy lifestyle choices to public through posters, tv ads, websites etc.

74
Q

what is chewed food called?

A

bolus

grade 10 science (6 decks)

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