body systems - bio (2.13-2.18) Flashcards
what is the tube that runs from mouth to anus called?
gut/alimentary canal
example of mechanical digestion
chewing food in mouth, food churning in stomach
example of chemical digestion
saliva in mouth/acid in stomach
what is the pathway of digestion?
mouth, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, (liver, gallbladder, pancreas), small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
where is saliva produced? what does saliva digest?
produced in salivary glands, digests starch
what is the epiglottis
flap that covers trachea, makes sure food goes down the right tube
what is peristalsis?
muscular contractions along digestive tract and esophagus that moves food through digestive system
what are the muscle contractions in GI tube called?
peristalsis
what is stomach acid? what does it break down?
HCl(aq)/hydrochloric acid, enzymes from acid break down proteins
define enzymes
biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions, allows food to be broken down quickly in stomach
what does the liver produce? what does it digest?
produces bile which digests fats and kills foreign bacteria
function of the gallbladder
stores bile from liver, releases when needed
function of pancreas
releases enzymes that digest carbs, fats, and proteins
function of small intestine
location of majority of chemical digestion, absorbs nutrients
function of large intestine
absorbs water, carbs are digested by symbiotic bacteria, feces are formed
define symbiotic bacteria
bacteria that lives naturally with another organism, both benefit one another
what are accessory organs? give examples from digestive system
- helps with chemical digestion by releasing enzymes and juices into digestive tract
- food doesn’t actually pass through these organs
- ex. liver, gallbladder, pancreas
importance of physical/mechanical digestion
- creates smaller pieces for body to break down
- easier to pass through digestive tract
- increases surface area of food to make chemical digestion quicker
importance of chemical digestion
- allows food to be absorbed easier by body
- breaks food down into smaller molecules
how do the digestive system and circulatory system work together?
- nutrients absorbed by small intestine, water absorbed by large intestine, diffuses into circulatory system, oxygen from blood diffuses into small intestine
- circulatory system transports nutrients + water around body
what are villi?
small projections on small intestines that absorb nutrients
what are on villi to maximize nutrient absorption?
microvilli
what is the purpose of villi and microvilli?
these folds on the inside of the intestines maximize surface area
- villi and microvilli absorb nutrients which diffuse into capillaries
blood vessels and the intestines?
- blood travels through arteries to get to villi (has high oxygen, low nutrient)
- blood gets to villi, oxygen diffuses into villi, nutrients from intestine diffuse into blood
- blood goes out of villi through veins (blood has high nutrient, low oxygen)
purpose of cardiovascular system (circulatory system)
to transport substances to cells and tissues around the body
describe an open circulatory system
- mostly found in invertebrates
- blood pumped from heart goes into vessels, but once it reaches destination, blood leaves vessels and flows freely around cells to diffuse
describe a closed circulatory system
- mostly found in vertebrates
- blood is pumped from heart into vessels, blood stay in vessels, diffusion happens through vessel walls
what is the human circulatory system made up of
blood, blood vessels, and heart
function of arteries
a blood vessel that carries blood away from heart
function of platelets
small cell fragments in blood that helps blood clot, seal wounds, stop bleeding
function of capillaries
tiny blood vessels that have very thin walls, red blood cells must pass in single file line
- usually used for diffusion
function of veins
a blood vessel that carries blood to the heart
function of red blood cells
contains hemoglobin the absorbs oxygen, transports through body
function of white blood cells
cells in blood that fight against and destroy bacteria/viruses
function of plasma
makes up 55% of blood and carrie’s blood cells, dissolved waste, dissolved nutrients, and hormones
what are the 4 main jobs of the digestive system
ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion
describe path of blood in circulatory system
- deoxygenated blood pumped from RIGHT ATRIUM to RIGHT VENTRICLE to lungs through PULMONARY ARTERY to go through diffusion
- gas exchange occurs through capillaries in lung (CO2 from blood —> lungs, O2 from lungs —> blood)
- oxygenated blood from lungs goes to LEFT ATRIUM to LEFT VENTRICLE of heart through PULMONARY VEIN
- oxygenated blood from LEFT VENTRICLE gets pumped through body through arteries
- gas exchange occurs all around body (CO2 from body cells —> blood, O2 from blood —> body cells)
- deoxygenated blood goes through veins to RIGHT ATRIUM then RIGHT VENTRICLE
purpose of respiratory system
to provide oxygen for body and allow for gas exchange
how does breathing work?
- involves air going in and out of lungs
- the diaphragm muscle and muscles of ribs relax and contract to change air pressure in chest cavity to help breathing
what happens to the ribs and diaphragm when you inhale?
- diaphragm contracts causing it to move down
- ribs contract causing it to move up and out
- air pressure in chest decreases
- air starts to fill chest cavity
what happens to the ribs and diaphragm when you exhale?
- diaphragm relaxes causing it to move up
- ribs relax causing it to move down and in
- air pressure increases in chest cavity
- air is pushed out
difference between pharynx and larynx
pharynx
- is the throat
- air, food, liquid pass through here
- located above larynx
larynx
- is the voice box
- sound is produced here
- located below the pharynx
what muscle moves ribs during respiration
intercostal muscle
what are the bronchi
2 branches that break from trachea into lungs
what are bronchioles
branches in lungs that are smaller than bronchi
human respiratory system and circulatory system working together?
- inhalation to fill lungs with O2
- deoxygenated blood from heart goes to alveoli through capillaries
- diffusion occurs (CO2 from blood —> alveoli/lungs, O2 from alveoli/lungs —> capillaries)
- oxygenated blood returns to heart
- exhalation occurs to get rid of CO2
define spiracles
external opening of insect that leads to their respiratory system (similar to how nose is an opening to lungs)
structure of arteries
- all arteries have pretty thick walls (must stand pressure of blood being ejected from heart)
- arteries closest to the heart have the thickest walls
- has smooth muscle + inner layer + outer layer
- smooth muscle to carry blood away from heart to all organs/tissues
structure of capillaries
- made up of single layer of cells
- minimizes distance of diffusion
structure of arterioles
- tubes with thick walls that can adjust width of tube
- allows vessels to keep blood pressure at a certain level
structure of venules
- the smallest veins
- very thin walls, prone to rupture
structure of veins
- pressure in veins are low, thinner walls
- has valves to prevent back flow of blood
describe relation between arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
- arteries are divided into arterioles which are divided into capillaries
- capillaries come together to for venules which come together to form veins
how do nerve impulse travel through the neuron
nerve impulse move from dendrites to axon to axon terminal
- axon terminal connects to another neuron, muscle cells or gland
what are the two parts of the nervous system?
central nervous system, peripheral nervous system
what does the central nervous system consist of?
- brain + spinal cord
- it analyzes + store info then issues instructions
- includes relay neurons (interneurons) that allow sensory and motor neurons to communicate with eachother, also connects neurons within brain and spinal cord
what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
- peripheral nerves that transmits signals between CNS and rest of body
- includes sensory neurons
- includes motor neurons
function of relay neurons
- allows sensory and motor neurons to communicate with each other
- connects neurons within brain and spinal cord
function of sensory neurons
- found in sensory organs
- detect stimuli and sends information of stimuli to CNS
function of motor neurons
- controls response to stimuli
- relay info from CNS about a stimuli (previously sent by sensory neuron) to either the somatic (voluntary) or autonomic (involuntary) nervous system
explain how the reflex arc works
- stimuli stimulates pain receptors
- signal of pain sent through sensory neuron
- signal sent through relay neuron to brain and along motor neuron
- motor neuron activates a response (ex. contracting a muscle)
what are 5 public health strategies?
immunization programs, smoke free environments, promoting healthy outdoor lifestyle, screening programs, health education
what are produced after being given a vaccine
antibodies
why was the small pox vaccine so effective?
- virus didn’t mutate
- only present in humans
- not easily transmissible
- vaccine was easy to transport
- only one vaccine was needed
- symptoms are quick to develop (easy to spot)
how many doses of the measles vaccine are needed?
3, (1 year, 1.5 years, 4-6 years)
how many canadian adults will have an HPV infections in their life?
7 out of 10
how long does the protection from influenza last after a flu shot?
about 6 months as antibody levels in body decrease
compare conventional and RNA vaccines
conventional
- can take weeks to produce
- must grow large batches of virus (bio hazardous)
- virus—>body, immune system produces antibodies, remembers virus
- many stages of testing, different for every vaccine
RNA vaccine
- takes about a week to produce
- can be transported around world through computer
- no virus is actually needed
- RNA—>cells, RNA tells cells to make antibodies, antibodies made are remembered
- process of creation could be standardized
what is the goal of the smoke-free ontario strategy
to reduce and maybe eventually eradicate the use of tobacco and vape products in young people
what is prenatal DNA screening?
- take amniotic fluid from uterus/fetus cells to test for genetic conditions
what is carrier DNA screening?
- check DNA of parents to figure out risks of having child with genetic condition
what is newborn DNA screening?
- blood is taken from heel of newborn to screen for many conditins
what is health education?
communicating healthy lifestyle choices to public through posters, tv ads, websites etc.
what is chewed food called?
bolus
