Quiz 1 Athabasca Chapter 1&2

Question 1

Nearly all neuroscientists and philosophers support the position of ____.

1. monism
2. exceptionalism
3. dualism
4. relativism

Answer 1

1. monism

Question 2

A(n) ____ explanation relies on activity of the brain and other organs.

1. ontogenetic
2. evolutionary
3. physiological
4. functional

Answer 2

physiological

Question 3

Human language developed as the result of genes and the opportunity to hear language during a sensitive period in early life. What type of explanation is this?

1. physiological
2. ontogenetic
3. evolutionary
4. functional

Answer 3

ontogenetic

Question 4

Mapping out the relationship between shared bone structures across different species suggests that there is a(n) ____ explanation.

1. ontogenetic
2. evolutionary
3. behavioral
4. physiological

Answer 4

evolutionary

Question 5

The branching fibers that form the information-receiving pole of the nerve cells are called _____.

1. motor neurons
2. dendrites
3. sensory neurons
4. axons

Answer 5

dendrites

Question 6

Neurons typically have one ____, but many ____.

1. dendrite; axons
2. axon; dendrites
3. cell body; axons
4. dendrite; cell bodies

Answer 6

axon; dendrites

Question 7

As compared to dendrites, axons usually ____.

1. form the information-receiving pole of the neuron
2. are shorter in length
3. are covered with myelin
4. taper in diameter toward their periphery

Answer 7

are covered with myelin

Question 8

Glucose enters the brain via which type of transport?

1. indirect transport
2. direct transport
3. passive transport
4. active transport

Answer 8

active transport

Question 9

Electrical gradients lead to the ____.

1. general movement of ions into the neuron
2. general movement of ions out of the neuron
3. movement of ions to areas having the same electrical charges
4. movement of ions to areas having opposite electrical charges

Answer 9

movement of ions to areas having opposite electrical charges

Question 10

What occurs when depolarization is less than the cell’s threshold?

1. Sodium is prevented from crossing the membrane.
2. Potassium is prevented from crossing the membrane.
3. Sodium crosses the membrane only slightly more than usual.
4. The cell will still produce an action potential.

Answer 10

Sodium crosses the membrane only slightly more than usual.

Question 11

What is the proper ordering of a reflex arc?

1. motor neuron, sensory neuron, interneuron.
2. sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron.
3. motor neuron, interneuron, sensory neuron.
4. sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron.

Answer 11

4. sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron.

Question 12

Inhibitory synapses on a neuron ____.

1. hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell
2. weaken the cell’s polarization
3. increase the probability of an action potential
4. move the potential closer to the cell’s threshold

Answer 12

1.hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell

Question 13

Which statement is TRUE about the spontaneous firing rates of neurons?

1. EPSPs increase the frequency.
2. EPSPs decrease the frequency.
3. IPSPs increase the frequency.
4. One EPSP equals the effect of two IPSPs.

Answer 13

1.EPSPs increase the frequency.

Question 14

The research that firmly established synaptic communication as chemical was ____.

1. Elliot’s adrenaline mimicking sympathetic activation
2. Loewi’s transfer of fluid from stimulated frog hearts
3. Sherrington’s study of reflexes
4. Eccles’s measurement of IPSPs

Answer 14

2. Loewi’s transfer of fluid from stimulated frog hearts

Question 15

A hormone is a chemical that is ____.

1. secreted by a gland to the outside world
2. conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences
3. capable of activating or inhibiting muscle fibers
4. a feedback message from the postsynaptic neuron to the presynaptic neuron

Answer 15

2. conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences

Question 16

Who is most associated with the idea that consciousness should be regarded as a fundamental property?

1. Chalmers
2. Descartes
3. Leibniz
4. Tinbergen

Answer 16

1. Chalmers

Question 17

An adult male sparrow sings its normal song ____.

1. if he hears the song during a sensitive period early in his life
2. only when he hears a female bird singing
3. if his own species’ song is the first song he hears when young
4. regardless of whether or not he has ever heard his species’ song from another bird

Answer 17

1.if he hears the song during a sensitive period early in his life

Question 18

Consciousness occurs ____.

1. in all kinds of nervous systems some of the time
2. in certain parts of certain kinds of nervous system all of the time
3. in certain parts of certain kinds of nervous systems some of the time
4. in all kinds of nervous systems all of the time

Answer 18

3.in certain parts of certain kinds of nervous systems some of the time

Question 19

A(n) ____ investigates the chemical reactions in the brain.

1. neurochemist
2. psychophysiologist
3. comparative psychologist
4. neurologist

Answer 19

1. neurochemist

Question 20

Gaps in the insulating material that surrounds axons are known as ____.

1. interpeduncular nuclei
2. nodes of Ranvier
3. myelin synapses
4. presynaptic terminals

Answer 20

2. nodes of Ranvier

Question 21

What mechanism prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter?

1. a threshold
2. a blood-brain barrier
3. an endoplasmic wall
4. a differential-drug inhibitor

Answer 21

2. a blood-brain barrier

Question 22

What will most affect the speed of an action potential?

1. the strength of the stimulus
2. the time since the last action potential
3. the length of the axon
4. the resistance of the membrane

Answer 22

4. the resistance of the membrane

Question 23

According to the all-or-none law, ____.

1. all neurons produce an action potential at the same time or none at all
2. all of the extracellular sodium enters the axon, or none at all
3. once an axon reaches threshold, the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are nearly equal each time-
4. neurons are either active all the time or not at all

Answer 23

3. once an axon reaches threshold, the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are nearly equal each time-

Question 24

Which event is most likely to be dependent on ionotropic effects?

1. drowsiness
2. hormone release
3. hunger
4. rapid muscle contraction

Answer 24

4. rapid muscle contraction

Question 25

Avoiding foods with lecithin, such as eggs and peanuts, would affect the levels of which neurotransmitter the most? 1. acetylcholine 2. serotonin 3. GABA 4. endorphin

Answer 25

1. acetylcholine

Question 26

Reuptake is an alternative to which other process? 1. recycling of neurotransmitters 2. breaking down neurotransmitters via an enzymatic process 3. absorbing neurotransmitters by postsynaptic neurons 4. re-releasing neurotransmitters from postsynaptic neurons

Answer 26

2. breaking down neurotransmitters via an enzymatic process

Question 27

Exocytosis is the process by which neurotransmitters are \_\_\_\_. 1. released from the presynaptic neuron 2. synthesized 3. destroyed 4. secreted into synaptic vesicles

Answer 27

1. released from the presynaptic neuron

Question 28

The presynaptic terminal stores high concentrations of neurotransmitter molecules in \_\_\_\_. 1. axons 2. vesicles 3. peptides 4. dendrites

Answer 28

2. vesicles

Question 29

A metabotropic synapse, by way of its second messenger, \_\_\_\_. 1. has effects localized to one point on the membrane 2. can influence activity in much of the presynaptic cell 3. can influence activity in much or all of the postsynaptic cell 4. has minimal effect on the postsynaptic cell

Answer 29

3. can influence activity in much or all of the postsynaptic cell

Question 30

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, the depolarization causes what ionic movement in the presynaptic cell? 1. sodium out of the cell 2. lithium out of the cell 3. iron into the cell 4. calcium into the cell

Answer 30

4. calcium into the cell