Quiz 1

Question 1

Age range for typical disfluencies

Answer 1

1.5 - 6

Question 2

Typical age range for borderline stuttering

Answer 2

1.5 - 3.5

Question 3

Typical age range for beginning stuttering

Answer 3

3.5 - 6

Question 4

Typical age range for intermediate stuttering

Answer 4

6 - 13

Question 5

Typical age range for advanced stuttering

Answer 5

Older than 14

Question 6

T/F: Typically disfluent children swing back and forth in the degree of their disfluency.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Changes in disfluencies for typically disfluent children could be associated with what factors?

Answer 7

Language development, motor learning, or other developmental/environmental influence

Question 8

Moments when the child is not producing speech but shows muscle tension in those parts of the speech mechanism that can be observed, such as the lips or jaw.

Answer 8

Tense pauses

Question 9

What are characteristics of typical disfluencies?

Answer 9

Revisions, interjections (decline after age 3), one unit repetitions, no more than 10 disfluencies per 100 words

Question 10

Do typically disfluent children display secondary behaviors?

Answer 10

No

Question 11

What are some underlying processes of typical disfluencies?

Answer 11

Pragmatic conditions (interrupting, respond to requests/demands, listener’s response time is fast, directing another’s activity), sensorimotor speech control is still immature or inefficient, delayed myelination language acquisition, other demands for non-speech motor skills

Question 12

What are the characteristics of borderline stuttering?

Answer 12

More than 6-10 disfluencies per 100 words, more than 2 units in repetition, more repetitions and prolongations than revisions or incomplete phrases, disfluencies loose and relaxed, rare for a child to react to disfluencies.

Question 13

T/F: Some children exhibit beginning stuttering at onset, without passing through a stage of borderline stuttering.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What are the characteristics of beginning stuttering?

Answer 14

Muscle tension, appear to hurry, pitch rise, escape behaviors (eye blinks, nods, “ums”), awareness of difficulty and frustration, fixed articulatory structures, increase in escape behaviors, emergence of avoidance conditioning

Question 15

What is one difference between beginning stuttering and intermediate stuttering in terms of core behaviors?

Answer 15

Intermediate has a higher frequency of blocks

Question 16

What are the characteristics of intermediate stuttering?

Answer 16

Frequent repetitions, blocks, prolongations, using escape behaviors to terminate blocks, may anticipate situations or words and display avoidance behaviors, fear before stuttering, embarrassment, shame

Question 17

Talking all around a word or phrase when anticipating stuttering

Answer 17

Circumlocutions

Question 18

What are the underlying processes for intermediate stuttering?

Answer 18

Classically conditioned tension responses are more evident, conditioned emotion is now turning into a more intense conscious fear reaction, and avoidance conditioning has become a big factor in shaping stuttering behaviors.

Question 19

What are the characteristics for advanced stuttering?

Answer 19

Repetitions, prolongations, longer and tense blocks, extensive avoidance behaviors, person who stutters may not be aware that they are using habitual escape and avoidance behaviors, emotions of fear, embarrassment, negative feelings about themselves.