Quiz 1

Question 1

This level is characteristic of older teens and adults who have been stuttering since childhood.

Answer 1

Advanced stuttering

Question 2

What stuttering patterns are present in advanced stuttering?

Answer 2

Avoidance, ways of coping with blocks is ingrained.

Question 3

These levels reflect both the age of the individual (e.g., younger preschooler, older preschooler, etc.) and the severity of the stuttering (e.g., borderline, beginning, etc.)

Answer 3

Age/developmental levels

Question 4

An unusual way of speaking or acting that seems to reduce stuttering, like laughing and pretending that most things said were a joke. Another example is speaking with an accent that the speaker pretends to have. An avoidance.

Answer 4

Antiexpectancy devices

Question 5

A type of learning that occurs when a person avoids something he or she thinks will be unpleasant.

Answer 5

Avoidance conditioning

Question 6

Type of stuttering characterized by more tension and hurry in disfluencies. Stuttering at this level usually consists of repetitions and prolongations, but some children will also exhibit blocks. Escape and avoidant behaviors may also appear

Answer 6

Beginning stuttering

Question 7

What is the age range for beginning stuttering?

Answer 7

3.5 years - 6

Question 8

What is the age range for borderline stuttering?

Answer 8

2 - 3.5 years

Question 9

This type of stuttering is characterized by more frequent part-word and single-syllable whole-word repetitions than children who are developing typically have, but without awareness or concern on the part of the child.

Answer 9

Borderline stuttering

Question 10

A sound prolongation, broken word, or other instance of ongoing phonation being stopped, extended, or distorted

Answer 10

Dysrhythmic phonation

Question 11

Typical of children in their school-age years, this level of stuttering will abound in repetitions and prolongations, but blocks will also be frequent. In addition to escape behaviors, avoidances will be frequent at this level because there is fear of being “stuck” in a stutter and fear of listener reactions.

Answer 11

Intermediate stuttering

Question 12

This is like a starter, but usually it just involves waiting a few beats before saying a feared word as in “Back then I use to drink a lot of …… soda.” An avoidance.

Answer 12

Postponements

Question 13

Words or sounds used by someone who stutters to get started speaking when blocked or when anticipating a block. For example, a person who stutters might say “My name is, uh, Barry.”

Answer 13

Starters

Question 14

Short-segment repetitions (i.e., part-word and monosyllabic whole-word repetitions), as well as sound prolongations, and blocks. These are disfluencies that are more typically judged by listeners as stuttering.

Answer 14

Stuttering like disfluencies

Question 15

The substitution of an “easier” word for a “harder” word on which a stutterer expects to stutter. For example, a stutterer who often stuttered on words beginning with “p” and who had a dog named “Pluto” might generally substitute “my dog” for the dog’s name when talking about him.

Answer 15

Substitution

Question 16

Name 4 avoidance behaviors

Answer 16

Substitutions, starters, postponements, circumlocutions

Question 17

These are the disfluencies in the speech of individuals who do not have stuttering or other speech problems.

Answer 17

Typical disfluencies

Question 18

What age range are typical disfluencies prevalent in?

Answer 18

2 - 4 years

Question 19

These are speculations about the process that may cause disfluencies or stuttering at each developmental level. For stuttering, these processes help us understand why stuttering often changes from borderline to beginning to intermediate to advanced levels.

Answer 19

Underlying processes

Question 20

Disfluencies that occur within a word boundary such as repetitions of parts of words, prolongations, or blocks.

Answer 20

“Within-word” disfluencies