Quiz 1 Flashcards
What is Protein Poisoning or mal de caribou?
a form of acute malnutrition caused by excess consumption of any lean meat (e.g., rabbit) coupled with a lack of other sources of nutrients usually in combination with other stressors, such as severe cold or dry environment. Symptoms include diarrhea, headache, fatigue, low blood pressure and heart rate, HUNGER BY FAT CRAVING!!
What is the Mechanism of protein poisoning?
Human liver safe metabolizing limits are at 285–365 g of protein/day
When limits are exceeded, amino acids would be in excess, there will be a lot of ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia), may be fatal if the person switches to a high-protein diet without giving time for the levels of his or her hepatic enzymes to up-regulate.
What is a carbon isotopes?
types of carbon atoms that differ by number of neutrons per atom nucleus
Whats is the symptoms of metabolic syndrome?
central obesity high BP high Triglcyerides Low HDL-cholesterol insulin resistance
What is functional foods?
food that contains physiologically active substances actively contributing to the promotion of health
What is nutraceutical components?
Physiologically active substances extracted from functional foods or non-edible plants/animals. Nutraceuticals have therapeutic or disease preventive effects
What is anti-oxidant?
An antioxidant is a substance that suppresses cell damage caused by oxidation due to free radicals
What nutri-geomics?
Studies the influence of various food components on human gene expression.
May tell us how the diet influences human metabolism and what would (metabolically) happen when we move to the new type of diet
tells us what foods are heathy or unhealthy
What is nutri-genetics?
Studies the influence of individual human genotypes on the metabolism and the digestion of various food components
May teach us about truly individualized diets that (hopefully) would help to delay the onset of common diseases and optimize the maintenance of our health
What has more calories? a 100 grams of boiled or raw carrots?
Raw carrots are colder, and the boiled ones will have less calories because they are warm and so you don’t have to spend energy breaking it down to make digestible by the body
What is hyperammonemia?
excess ammonia in the blood due to access amino acids, as in an individual with a high protein diet
What is the difference between soluble and insoluble fibers?
Soluble fibers are easier to break down into available carbohydrates
The less tasty the vegetable is, the more insoluble fiber it contains
What is a stable isotope?
Stable isotopes are inert, non-radioactive, allow direct quantitation in blood, urine, tissues
carbon has 2 stable isotopes, C13 and C12
What is the difference between C3 and C4 plants?
C3 plants - wheat, potatoes, rice, soy
C4 plants - corn, beef; have more efficient photosynthesis and grow in hot, moist, or arid climates
What are the evidences that different people need different diets?
- some food types are harmful for some people of a specific genotype
- some genotypes are more sensitive to food provocation, and when we change our diet we experience a change int he r profile of gene expression including changes in non-GI tissues
- genetic determination for total intolerance of some kinds of food
What is a mandelian disease?
when parents are carriers of the disease, and there’s a 25% chance of them giving birth to a kid with disease
What is phenilketonurea?
Phenylalanine comes from dietary proteins that are broken down, and can be toxic when it exceeds a certain threshold and can be damaging to the Nero-system and brain development. Low tyrosine will create a lack in the amount of melanin, proteins, and dopamine which will suppresses the development of the neuro-system. Primary treatment is through diet because no drug has been developed yet to treat the condition
LCT gene
Sometimes mutations in your genes aren’t located in your genes but in close proximity to your gene. The neighboring gene which the mutation originates from may not be affected, but yours will be
Genes can really stretch their incluences to other genes over long distances….14 kilometers
thirfty genotypes
Europeans got the chance to lose or to dilute their “thrifty” genes in a few generations of abundance, While aboriginal populations switched to abundance very recently, hence they are more prone to develop a diabetes (Neel, 1982).
Drifty genes
Obesity mess up our ability to run away from the lion
When lions became less common, the anti-obesity selection was diminished (Speakman et al., 2008)
“High level of glucose in the blood (pre-diabetes) prevents freezing in cold temperature”. Ice age selection support for diabetics (Moalem et al., 2005)
obesity genes
At about 1800, people with «leanness genes» got support from sexual selection, and got more offsprings
(Corbett et al., 2009)
epigentics
the degree to which the amount of proteins are transcribed based on our demands for survival under certain circumstances and places
fetal reprogramming in response to uterine undernourishment
The embryo sense the signals of mother’s glucose levels, and will shape its genes so it is more conducive to the predicament that it will be born in for examples abundance in glucose of starvation of the mother. The landscape of not enough food represents more thrifty genes, and vise versa
long-term perspective of Nutri-Science
If the population is healthier, it would be more beneficial for the government
Smoking was good for the economy because you incured less cost for the people that get older because they wont get older since they will die by then…same goes for obesity
It is much easier to live up to cultural standards then against it which is why people try to look good for their health
short-term perspective of Nutri-Science
- Identify food components that serve as signals for our cells
- Identify cell sensors, that send the signals from food components inside the cell.
- Find out, what genes are activated in response to one or another food component
- Describe and understand expression and metabolic profiles that correspond to various diets
- Identify human genotypes that sensitize individuals to negative effects of various food components
vitamins
Vitamin – something our body cannot synthesize, thus we get it from an external source such a vitamin D from the sun, or vitamin B from food
Exclusions o f vitamins:
Vitamin D is a hormone
Vitamin C – a lot of animals can make vitamin C such as apes. Humans and Guinea pigs have their vitamin C genes broken
Flavanoids come from plants
iron deficiency
Iron deficiency – not only suffering from anemia and reduced hemoglobin, but also your enzymes are suffering because they work off off iron
ketogentic diet
Ketogenic diet – predominantly fat and proteins, but low carbs
Glioma – brain cancer. Resistant to chemotherapy because of blood brain barrier, so these individuals are kept on a ketogenic diet
Ketogenic diet is also done with kids that have seizures. It decreases the amount of seizures the kids got
what are prostaglandins?
steroid precursors that cause inflammation in our body
bad saturated fats - Omega 6; good ones - omega 3
Omega 3 and 6
5-lipoxygenase converts
Omega-6 into Leukotriens
(bad inflammatory mediators which triggers asthma), while Omega-3 are converted into resolvins (anti-inflammatory)
What are the benefits of curcumin/tumeric
Turmeric is powerful anti-oxidant, natural antibiotic and anti-inflammatory.
Also increases sensitivity to insulin Mice on High-Fat diet with Curcumin supplementation do not develop liver steatosis
Why cant we select for genotypes in nutri-gentic testing?
because of the GINA Act
NEXTGEN Sequencing - ROCHE
annal sstDNA to an excess of DNA capture beds, emulsify the beads and then PCR, break down the micro-beads to sequence
theodor escherich
discovered escherichia coli in 1886
ilya ilyich mechnikov
- Microbiology and Immunology
- Noble Prize in 1908 – Phagocytosis
- Gerontology – toxic putrefying bacteria in gut • Lactic acid bacteria – Probiotics
- Ate Kefir all his life
wally Gilbert and fred sanger
DNA Sequencing 1977 won the peace prize in 1980 in chemistry
What are the benefits of NEXTGEN Sequencing technology?
- Faster
- Less labor
- Lower cost
jonathan Rothberg
454 Pyrosequencing (1999) Ion Torrent (2007)
carl woese
Father of Molecular Systematics 1928-2012 • Universal Genetic Code - 1964 • RNA World - 1967 • Three Domains - 1977 • Accepted by mid 1980s • First Microbial Genome - 1988 • Leeuwenhoek Medal - 1992 • Crafoord Prize – 2003 • Over 200 publications • 33,000 citations in 22,000 articles
What is the defintion of systems biology
generally refers to models of molecular data
obesity trends among U.S. Adults
poor states had faster rates of obesity
What is an RD?
A Registered Dietitian is a food and nutrition expert who has met the minimum academic and professional requirements to qualify for the credential “RD”.
What are the assessments of diet for RD?
• Meal times
• Foodpreferences
• Culture and religion • Andmuchmore….
– Everything else that affects diet: • Family
Assessment
• Try to get an accurate portrayal of someone’s life.
– DIET
• Cooking ability (Does someone else in their household cook?)
• Medical History – is there an underlying medical cause of obesity? Related complications?
• Work
• Exercise?
• SES
How go calculate BMI?
BMI = weight (kg) height (m)2 BMI = weight (lb) x 703 height (in)2
What doesn’t BMI tell us?
Doesn’t tell me body composition (fat vs. muscle)
• Doesn’t tell me about fat distribution.
– Android obesity – Gynoid obesity
What save safe weight loss recommendations?
• 1⁄2 to 2 pounds/week
– No more than 2 pounds/week.
•10%bodyweight/6months
How many calories do you have to burn to lose a pound a week?
• One pound of fat ≈ 3,500 kcals
– 500 extra kcals/day × 7 days = GAIN 1 lb/week
– 500 deficit kcals/day × 7 days = LOSE 1 lb/week
What is the Mifflin-St. Joer Equation?
Mifflin-St. Jeor Equation using actual body weight is currently the most accurate calculation for
mathematically estimating resting energy needs of overweight and obese individuals.
TEE = Total energy expenditure REE = Resting energy expenditure SF = stress factor
AF = activity factor
What is the purpose of Indirect calorimetry?
Measures oxygen consumption to calculate resting metabolic rate
– Relies on the Weir equation and respiratory quotient
What are behavior therapy interventions for weight loss?
– Self-monitoring (food journal) – Stress management – Stimulus control – Contingency management – Cognitive behavioral therapy – Social support
What are the components of smart goals?
- Specific
- Measurable • Attainable
- Relevant
- Time-bound
What are the components of patient education?
– A basic, healthy diet – Reading food labels – Portion sizes – Energy density – High fiber foods – Stay hydrated, recognize when you’re de-hydrated – Cooking
What are caloric restrictions based on?
– Assessment of need
– Other nutrients needed in the diet – Lifestyle
– Desired weight loss and rate
Euromonitor International’s 8 most influential packaged food megatrends for 2018
- Healthy Living: Back to Nature and No to Sugar
- Premiumization: Redefining Indulgence
- Ethical Living: Plant-based and Origin Foods
- Experience More: From buying to creating
- Shopping reinvented: Alternative business models
- Shifting market frontiers: Global exoticism
- Middle class retreat: Affordable quality
- Connected consumers: Food technology
olestra
Olestra (brand name Olean®)
– Sucrose polyester
– Chemically, acts like fat in foods, but isn’t digested and absorbed.
• Unfortunately, that causes other problems…
salatrim
Salatrim = short and long chain acyl triglyceride molecules.
– Prepared by interesterification of SCFA with LCFA on a triglyceride.
– Typically 1/3 – 2/3 SCFA
What are the pros and cons of non-nutritive sweeteners?
• Provide sweetness similar to sugar, but without calories or with less calories.
– Also better for your teeth!
• Disadvantages:
– Flavor may not be quite right (bitter, metallic)
– Doesn’t act the same in food
– Sugar alcohols can cause intestinal distress
– $$$
– Lingering questions about unknown impact on metabolism, microbiome, etc.
