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Clinical Laboratory Medicine > Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Origin of Laboratory Medicine:

A

-Hippocrates advocated a diagnostic protocol that included tasting the patient’s urine

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2
Q

20th century laboratory medicine highlights:

A
  • Microbiology
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Transfusion Medicine
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3
Q

CLIA:

A
  • Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments: regulated testing by Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS); CMS responsible for financial backing
  • Passed in 1988 to ensure quality lab testing
  • Carried out by CCSQ
  • Waived and Non-Waived tests
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4
Q

Waived and Non-Waived tests:

A
  • Categorization of in vitro diagnostic tests under CLIA; FDA responsible
  • Based on potential for risk to public health
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5
Q

Waived Tests:

A
  • Cleared for home use
  • Low risk
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6
Q

Non-Waived Tests:

A

-Uses scoring system (scale of 1-3) based on 7 criteria

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7
Q

College of American Pathologists:

A
  • Leader in lab quality assurance
  • Inspects and accredits over 7600 labs globally
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8
Q

All work-related fatalities, amputations, inpatient hospitalizations, and all losses of an eye must be reported to OSHA within:

A
  • Fatalities: 8 hours
  • Everything else: 24 hours
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9
Q

HIPPA:

A

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act:

  • Title I: protects insurance coverage
  • Title II: Administrative Simplification
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10
Q

Anatomic Pathology:

A
  • Focuses on the diagnosis of disease
  • Histology, Cytology, Forensic Pathology
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11
Q

Clinical Pathology:

A
  • Diagnosis based on lab analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood and urine
  • Clinical Chemistry, Hematology, Blood Bank, Microbiology
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12
Q

American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP):

A

-Provides certification for pathologists and lab professionals

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13
Q

Reference/Normal Range:

A
  • Found by testing thousands of samples from individuals without disease and on no medications
  • 2 standard deviations in middle or represents 95% of results
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14
Q

Desirable Range:

A
  • Groups of experts compare lab test results with clinical outcome and create new desirable or prognosis-related ranges
  • ie: Cholesterol reference range
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15
Q

Therapeutic Range:

A
  • Determined by the drug’s effect rather than its concentration in the blood
  • ie: Target blood level for a medication
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16
Q

Critical Lab Value:

A
  • Test that requires rapid clinical attention
  • Prompt verbal notification must be given to member of healthcare team responsible for patient
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17
Q

Precision:

A

-Ability to repeatedly obtain results that are close to each other on the same sample

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18
Q

Accuracy:

A

-Relationship between the number obtained and the true result

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19
Q

False Positive:

A

-Lab suggests there is a disease but patient does not

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20
Q

False Negative:

A

-Lab suggests there is not a disease when there is not

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21
Q

Sensitivity:

A
  • True positive rate
  • Ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who have a given disease or condition
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22
Q

Specificity:

A
  • True negative rate
  • Ability of a test to correctly exclude individuals who do not have a given disease or condition
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23
Q

Prevalence:

A

-The number of existing cases in a population

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24
Q

Incidence:

A

-Number of new cases occurring within a period of time

25
Q

Blood components:

A
  • Plasma/Serum
  • Buffy Coat : WBC, Plt -RBC
26
Q

Plasma:

A
  • Extracellular matrix of whole blood
  • Contains: water, proteins, glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes, hormones, CO2
27
Q

Serum:

A
  • Portion of blood that does not contain blood cells or clotting factors
  • Contains everything else
28
Q

Hematocrit (Hct):

A
  • Volume % of RBCs
  • Anemia: abnormally low hematocrit
  • Polycythemia: abnormally high % of Hct
29
Q

Hemoglobin (Hgb or Hb):

A

-Contains Fe2+ and O2

30
Q

Serum Vacutainers:

A
  • Red Top
  • Gold or Marble Top
  • Light Blue Top
  • Lavender Top
  • Green Top
  • Gray Top
  • Orange or Gray/Yellow Top
  • Light Yellow
  • Tan
  • Royal Blue
  • Black
31
Q

Red Top:

A

-No Additives (60 min clot)

32
Q

Gold or Marble Top:

A
  • 30 minute clot
  • Special gel creates barrier between RBCs and serum
33
Q

Light Blue Top:

A
  • Contains Sodium Citrate anticoagulant
  • Must be completely filled
  • Used for routine and special coagulation tests
34
Q

Lavender Top:

A
  • Contains EDTA
  • Hematology: CBC, Hgb, Hct, WBC differential, reticulocyte count
  • Chemistry: Hgb A1C
35
Q

Green Top:

A
  • Contains Heparin anticoagulant
  • Used for mainly for chemistry tests
36
Q

Gray Top:

A
  • Potassium oxalate anticoagulant
  • Sodium fluoride: antiglycolytic stabilizer
  • Used for glucose levels, BAC, lactate, HCO3-
37
Q

Orange or Gray/Yellow:

A
  • Contains thrombin
  • Used for STAT serum testing (5 minute clot)
38
Q

Light Yellow:

A

-Contains SPS for blood cultures or ACD for blood bank studies

39
Q

Tan:

A
  • Contains either heparin or EDTA
  • Used for lead determinations
40
Q

Royal Blue:

A
  • Contains either northing or heparin
  • Used for metal trace analysis
41
Q

Black:

A

-Used for Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

42
Q

Tube Draw Order:

A

1) Blood Culture Tube or Vial
2) Citrated Tube
3) Serum Tubes w/ or w/o Clot Activator, w/ or w/o Gel Separator
4) Heparin Tube
5) EDTA Tube
6) Glycolytic Inhibitor

43
Q

Capillary Blood Collection:

A
  • Puncturing dermis to access capillary beds
  • Used for glucose, INR
44
Q

Point-of-care-testing (POCT):

A
  • Medical testing at or near the site of patient care
  • Immediate Results
  • Lack of quality control, training, infection control
45
Q

Na+:

A

136-146 mEq/L

46
Q

K+:

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

47
Q

Cl-:

A

96-106 mEq/L

48
Q

CO2 (HCO3-):

A

22-28 mEq/L

49
Q

BUN:

A

10-20 mg/dL

50
Q

Crt:

A

0.5-1.0 mg/dL

51
Q

Glu:

A

70-100 mg/dL

52
Q

CBC:

A
  • WBC
  • Hgb
  • Hct
  • Plt
53
Q

WBC:

A

5,000-10,000/mm3

54
Q

Hgb:

A
  • Males: 14-18 g/dL
  • Females: 12-16 g/dL
55
Q

Hct:

A
  • Males: 42-52%
  • Females: 37-47%
56
Q

Plt:

A

150,000-450,000/mm3

57
Q

Common Lab Value Shorthand

A
58
Q

Common Lab Value Shorthand

A

Clinical Laboratory Medicine (4 decks)

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