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Bioscience Emily Clipston > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

function of epithelial tissues

A

sheets of cells, cover, line, and form glandular tissue

nonexcitable

avascular

adherant to basement membrane

regenerative

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2
Q

simple epitheleal cells

A

1 layer

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3
Q

stratefied epithealeal cells

A

multiple layers

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4
Q

squamous

A

flat, allow for rapid diffusion

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5
Q

cuboidal

A

cube shaped

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6
Q

simple squamous examples

A

endothelium: lining of blood vessels
mesothelium: lining of thoracic and abdominal cavities

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7
Q

simple cuboidal

A

primarily secratory

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8
Q

pseudostratefied

A

often secretory, often modified

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9
Q

simple columnar

A

primarily secratory, gut, intestine, goblet cells

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10
Q

transitional

A

urinary bladder, ureter, and urethral linings

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11
Q

stratified squamous

A

mult layers, primarily for protection, upper and lower GI tract, skin

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12
Q

4 classes of conective tissue

A
  1. fibroblasts–> connective tissue proper
  2. chondroblasts –>cartilage
  3. osteoblasts –> bone
  4. hemocytoblasts –> blood
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13
Q

connective tissue is..

A

the most abundant in the body highly vascularized lots of extracellular stuff

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14
Q

connective tissue matrix

A

fluid fibers proteoglycans

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15
Q

collagen

A

triple chain structure glycine, proline, hydroxyproline

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16
Q

clinical collagen problems

A

scurvy: vitamin C deficiency, needed to make hydroproline to form proline

osteogensis imperfecta: severe bony deformities

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17
Q

GAGs

A

give bone shock absorbing properties

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18
Q

loose connective tissues

A

mesenchyme: embryonic connective tissue areolar: under epithelia, packages organs, mast cells migrate thru it adipose: fat, small spaces between cells reticular:liver, lymph noders, bone marrow, spleen. compartmentalizes cells within organs

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19
Q

dense connective tissue

A

regular: tendons, ligs, apaneuroses. -neatly aligned collagen fibers, strong irregular: dermis, organ capsules, fascia. -oriented in different directions, forces can be resisted in mult directions elastic: BV walls, trachea, bronchi, vocal cords, ligamentum flavum

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20
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

ends of long bones, costal cart of nose, trach, larynx shock absorption

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21
Q

fibrocartilage

A

IV discs, pubic symphysis, menisci

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22
Q

elastic cartilage

A

ext ear, epiglottis

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23
Q

bone

A

oesteocytes in lacuna, not much fluid in matrix

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24
Q

blood

A

lots of matrix, few cells

25
Q

reaction rate depends on

A

-[] of reactants and products -temp -AE -catalysts (enzymes)

26
Q

allosteric modulation

A

2 binding sites (functional and regulatory), needs a modulator molecule to bind to enzyme and change shape so that ligand can fit in functional site

27
Q

covalent modulation

A

covalent binding of phosphate group (from ATP) to a protein which changes its shape and allows for the binding of ligand

28
Q

protein kinase

A

cleaves phosphate from ATP and sticks it onto proteins

29
Q

phosphotases

A

takes phosphate off things

30
Q

Glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucuse anaerobic 2 net ATP splits glucose into 2 pyruvate fuel: carbs (anarobic) *in order to break down fat, breakdown of carbs is required

needs: 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, glucose, 4 ADP, 4 phosphates
makes: 4 ATP, 2 pyruvates, 2 NADH, 2 ADP

cytoplasm

31
Q

lactic acid and glycolysis

A

2 molecules of lactic acid for every 1 molecule of glucose broken down

32
Q

if O2 is available…

A

moves onto krebs cycle (aerobic)

33
Q

is O2 isnt available…

A

fermenatation and conversion to lactic acid

34
Q

pros/cons of glycolysis

A

ineffiecient can produce a lot of ATP quickly decays and fatigues if >~2mins

35
Q

the hydrolysis of 1 mole of ATP yields

A

7 kcals of energy per mole

36
Q

prep step of krebs

A

pyruvate —> acetylCoA

37
Q

krebs cycle

A

makes: NADH, ATP, CO2, FADH2
fuel: fat is more effective, carbs, protein (last resort)

mitochondrial matrix

38
Q

electron transport chain

A

products: 3 ATP per ADP (10) and 2 ATP per NAD2H (2)

final electron acceptor: oxygen

end product: water

39
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from high concentration to low due to random thermal motion

40
Q

net flux occurs

A

down a [] gradient

41
Q

ion channels

A

non gated: move via simple diffusion

ligand gated: also acts as a receptor, ligand binds, channels open

voltage gated: closed till a change in voltage occurs

mechanically gated:like cilia in ears, req a physical movement to open gates

42
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

stable but fluid

amphipathic: hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends (tails: phobic, heads: philic)

43
Q

cholesterol

A

maintains and adds stability to the membrane

44
Q

simple diffusion

A

non mediated, no energy required, rate: Fick eqn

45
Q

molecule mvmt thru channels

A

small diffuse more easily, dont need pores/channels

polar have a hard time

inside of the cell tends to be -, + ions move in freely

46
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

reqs a carrier molecule

no energy expended, can only occur down the gradient

glucose into skeletal muscle

47
Q

facilitated diffusion mechanism saturation

A

as [] increases in solute, the flux will plateau at a certain point when all transporters are being used

48
Q

pumps

A

transport things against the gradient (low to high)

49
Q

primary acive transport

A

binding site in the protein is changed, costs energy, moves across [] gradients

50
Q

secondary active transport

A

no direct utilization of ATP, cotransporters, depends on the maintence of the [] gradient

allosteric modulation by sodium in high concentration

release of sodium in low concentration

moves against gradients

brings 2 things into the cell (sodium and whatevers being transported)

51
Q

endo and exocytosis

A

transports bigger things into and out of the cells

52
Q

types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

receptor mediated endocytosis

53
Q
A
54
Q

fibroblasts

A

connective tissue

55
Q

chondroblasts

A

cartilage

56
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone

57
Q

hemocytoblasts

A

blood

58
Q
A

Bioscience Emily Clipston (9 decks)

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