Quiz 1 Flashcards
Study of normal body tissues and how these tissues are arranged to form organs
Histology
study of abnormal tissues
Pathology
group of cells with similar structures and intercellular materials interrelated to perform a specific function.
Tissues
study of cells and structures.
cytology
the basic unit of life that composed all living things.
Cells
study of groups of tissues arranged in a pattern
Organology
division of a cell into two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
Mitosis
division of germ cells; results in four (4) daughter cells which are not identical to the parent cell - only a copy of each paternal and maternal chromosome can be found in the daughter cells.
Meiosis
True Father of Histology
MARCELO MALPHIGI
1st describe true units forming animal tissues using simple lenses.
MARCELO MALPHIGI
Using his handheld microscope, was the first person to observe and describe living cells.
ANTON VON LEEUWENHOEK
[name of physicist] observed a slice of _____ under a microscope. He discovered many small compartment-like ________ structures which he described as _____. His discovery served as the ___________.
robert hooke
cork
honeycomb
cells
foundation of the cell theory
● Introduce nucleus (17th century)
● Observed in epidermal cells of orchids.
● Noticed small dense centers in plant cells, but function is yet unknown.
ROBERT BROWN
● Termed tissues as textures
● Tissues: different group of cells.
MARIE FRANCOIS BICHAT
Proposed cell theory for plants.
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
● 1838-39
● Described animals are made of cells.
● Discovered cells that form sheath surrounding nerve.
THEODOR SCHWANN
● 1841
● Published 1st human histology.
FRIEDRICH GUSTAV JACOB HENLE
● 1861 - after almost 200 years.
● 1st describe cells as mass of nucleated protoplasm.
MAX SCHULTZE
● 1863
● Fundamental Law of Biology
● Described the human body as “cell state”
● All diseases involved changes in normal cells.
RUDOLF VIRCHOW
for slicing and sectioning the tissues into smaller pieces.
Microtome
process of preserving tissue samples.
Fixing
process of enclosing the tissue sample by covering it with liquid paraffin wax.
Embedding
used to highlight tissue features and enhance its contrast for better viewing.
Staining
________ - preserve tissues structure by stopping self-digestion and decomposition. Also stabilizes ________ (maintaining tissue architecture) and prevents microbial growth. (_______________; ______________).
Fixation
proteins
10% neutral buffered formalin
glutaraldehyde
____________ - removes water from the tissue as embedding media are immiscible with water tissue is passed through a graded series of alcohols: ___, _____, ____ to gradually replace water with alcohol).
Dehydration
70%, 95%, 100%
_______ - replaces alcohol w/ a clearing agent to make the tissue transparent and compatible w/the embedding medium. (eg: xylene,toluene), making the tissue ______ allowing for better ______ of the embedding medium.
Clearing
translucent
infiltration
________ - ensures that the embedding medium penetrates the tissue completely.
Infiltration
______ - provides a solid medium to support the tissue for sectioning (cleared tissue is infiltrated with molten paraffin).
Embedding
_________ - produces thin slices of tissue for microscopic examination.
Trimming/ Sectioning
______- enhances contrast by coloring specific tissue components , making them distinguishable under the microscope.
Staining
Give at least 5 parts of the microscope
Ocular Lens
Eyepiece Tube
Nosepiece
Objective Lens
Head
Stage Clips
Aperture
Condenser
Iris Diaphragm
Illuminator
Arm
Specimen Stage
Fine Focus
Coarse Focus
Stage Controls
Base
Brightness adjustment
Light Switch
Composition of the human body (3 elements)
- cells
- intercellular substances
- body fluid
most commonly used nuclear stain in histology; ______ is a basic dye while ______ is an acidic dye.
Hematoxylin
Eosin
This is a commonly used connective tissue stain in both histology and pathology; stains mucus as well as collagenous and reticular fibers _____ or ______.
Trichrome/Masson Triple Stain
blue / green
Technique for demonstrating glycoproteins, mucins and some proteoglycans. It involves the generation of dialdehydes from hexoses.
Periodic Acid Schiff Stain (PAS)
such as Aldehyde Fuchsin, Weigert’s, or Verhoeff Stain stains _______.
Elastic Fiber Stains
deep purple
oxidation-reduction technique that visualizes extracellular matrix components like reticular fibers or basement membranes. This technique produces _______ or ______ by treating the sample with a strong oxidizing agent.
Silver Stain
dark brown or black stains
surrounds the cell and is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which is made up of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail making up a semipermeable barrier between the interior and the exterior
CELL MEMBRANE
houses DNA, located in the center of eukaryotic cells
CELL NUCLEUS
less coiled; less visible on histologic sections; active transcription.
Heterochromatin
condensed state; electron-dense on E/M and basophilic clumps on L/M; inactive.
Euchromatin
a gel-like matrix containing water, salts, proteins, and other molecules. It occupies the intracellular space between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
CYTOPLASM
Building and repairing cellular structures, regulating biological processes, and expressing specific characteristics of each organism.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
They synthesize proteins using the genetic information from messenger RNA (mRNA), which is crucial for cellular structure, function, and regulation.
RIBOSOME
A network of interconnected membranes that extends from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. It plays a fundamental role in the transport, processing, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
is studded with ribosomes and is involved In the synthesis and modification of proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
specializes in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification. This structure lacks ribosomes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Key in the processing and packaging of proteins and lipids produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.
GOLGI APPARATUS
Building and repairing cellulars tructures, regulating biological processes, and expressing specific characteristics of each organism.
CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
One strand of the parent DNA and the other is newly synthesized, this process is called semi-conservative DNA _______.
replication
Process by which the information is transferred from one strand of the DNA to RNA by the enzyme RNA Polymerase.
TRANSCRIPTION
Process by which the RNA codes for specific proteins. It is an active process which requires energy.
TRANSLATION
To carry out vital functions and necessary metabolic processes essential for the proper functioning of the cell and/or organism.
ENERGY STUDY
Their primary function is energy generation through cellular respiration (ATP production).
MITOCHONDRIA
It involves breaking down molecules and unwanted materials, enabling the recycling of nutrients and cellular maintenance.
CELLULAR DIGESTION
They contain digestive enzymes that break down molecules and unwanted cellular materials.
LYSOSOMES
They contain enzymes that degrade hydrogen peroxide and toxic compounds, thereby protecting the cell from oxidative damage.
PEROXISOMES
Maintaining cellular shape, enabling cellular movement and division, are essential for its functioning and survival.
SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT
It is composed of protein filaments (microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments) and provides support and enables movement in eukaryotic cells.
CYTOSKELETON
They are elongated and enable locomotion in liquid environments
flagella
shorter and create a coordinated flow on the cell surface.
cilia
Membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells and some animal cells. They store nutrients, water, ions, and waste materials, regulating turgor pressure and osmotic balance.
VACUOLES
They transport materials from the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus to other destinations.
Vesicles
They capture and distribute materials for degradation, recycling, or their incorporation into metabolic pathways.
Endosomes
Type of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotes
BINARY FISSION
Outcome of binary fission
two identical cells with identical chromosomes
goal of mitosis
cytokinesis – regeneration of somatic cells.
goal of meiosis
production of gametes for sexual reproduction.
