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Histology [LAB] > Moving Quiz > Flashcards

Moving Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

The Cardiovascular System is a Network composed of the:

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

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2
Q

Cardiovascular System Function

A

Deliver oxygen to the body tissues while simultaneously removing carbon dioxide reduced by metabolism

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3
Q

Heart function

A

“pump” that contracts rhythmically sending blood through the cardiovascular system.

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4
Q

The contractile wall of the heart, the ________, is composed of __________.

A

myocardium
cardiac muscle cells

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5
Q

Cardiac muscle cells (________) contain the same contractile filaments as in _______ (_____).

A

cardiomyocytes
skeletal muscle (sarcomeres)

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6
Q

Cardiac Muscle characteristics

A
  • Striated
  • involuntary muscle
  • intermediate in size
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7
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are joined together by specialized junctions called ________

A

intercalated disc

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8
Q

They appear as thin, dark stained linear structures dividing adjacent cells that are perpendicular to the direction of the muscle fiber

A

Intercalated discs

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9
Q

________ Residue of lysosomal digestion that accumulates as _______ granules near the nucleus of some cells. In this specimen, few cells have detectable amounts.

A

Lipofuscin Pigment
yellow-brown

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10
Q

3 Layers of Heart Wall

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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11
Q

The endocardium is composed of an inner layer of _________ or _________ supported by a thin layer of ________________

A

simple squamous epithelium or endothelium
dense irregular connective tissue

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12
Q

Specialized conducting fibers composed of electrically excitable cells

A

Purkinje Fibers

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13
Q

Purkinje Fibers conduct _________ more quickly and efficiently than any of the other cells in the heart’s electrical conduction system.

A

cardiac action potentials

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14
Q

The myocardium is joined together by specialized junctions called _________

A

intercalated cells

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15
Q

Secretes fluid to the pericardial cavity to produce junction

A

Mesothelium

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16
Q

The epicardium is lined by a single layer of ________

A

mesothelial cells

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17
Q

Largest blood vessels in the body and include the pulmonary trunk and aorta with their major branches

A

Elastic Arteries

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18
Q

The most numerous vessels in the body

A

Muscular Arteries

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19
Q

Smallest branches of the arterial system and deliver blood to the smallest blood vessels, capillaries, and venules

A

Arterioles

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20
Q

Thinnest layer of elastic artery; Inner layer composed of endothelium and subepithelial connective tissue

A

Tunica Intima

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21
Q

Thickest layer of elastic artery; Middle layer composed of alternating layers of circumferentially emerged smooth muscle which are unstained and sheets of elastic tissue which is dye purple

A

Tunica Media

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22
Q

Outermost layer of elastic artery; Usually less than half the thickness of tunica
media in elastic arteries. Outer layer of _____________

A

Tunica Adventitia
dense irregular connective tissue

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23
Q

Small diameter blood vessel that branches out from arteries and leads to capillaries

A

Arterioles

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24
Q

Arterioles function

A
  • Regulate the flow of blood into capillary beds
  • Provide the majority of the resistance to blood flow in the body
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25
Q

The smallest veins that drain blood from capillaries within the microvascular bed, channeling it into larger veins.

A

Venules

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26
Q

The process by which white blood
cells (leukocytes) pass through the walls of
blood vessels and move into nearby tissues. It’s a vital part of the immune system’s response to inflammation and infection.

A

Diapedesis

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27
Q

Venous Valves function

A

keeps blood moving in one direction, while working against gravity to ensure venous return.

Prevent the retrograde flow of blood

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28
Q
  • Found in walls of large arteries and veins
  • Small blood vessels supply tunica media and tunica adventitia
A

Vasa Vasorum

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29
Q

The smallest blood vessels (less than 10 um in diameter).

A

Capillaries

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30
Q

Capillaries is composed of ________ supported by a ___________

A

endothelial cells
basement membrane.

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31
Q

Continuous capillaries function

A
  • Continuous endothelium and basement membrane
  • Most common
  • Responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissue
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32
Q

Fenestrated capillaries function

A
  • Endothelial cells contain small, 80 to 100 nm pores called fenestrations (typically with thin diaphragms)
  • These pores can only be seen using electron microscopy
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33
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries function

A
  • Discontinuous endothelium and incomplete basement membrane
  • Endothelial cells have large gaps between them and the basement membrane is either discontinuous or absent
  • Larger fenestration and intercellular gaps allow for greater permeability
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34
Q

Interconnected network of capillaries that
perfuse organs and tissues

A

Capillary beds

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35
Q

The definitive cell type of the lymphatic system and the effector cells in the response of the immune system to harmful substances.

A

Lymphocytes

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36
Q

First line of defense against microbial aggression.
1.
2.
3.
4
5

A
  1. Physical barriers - skin and mucous membranes
  2. Chemical defenses - low pH
  3. Various secretory substances
  4. Phagocytic cells - macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes
  5. Natural killer (NK) cells
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37
Q

results in the production of proteins called antibodies that mark invaders for destruction by other immune cells

A

Humoral response

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38
Q

targets transformed and virus-infected cells for destruction by specific “killer” cells.

A

Cellular immune response

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39
Q

Clear fluid containing white blood cells, especially lymphocytes

A

lymph

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40
Q

Network of vessels transporting lymph throughout the body

A

lymph vessel

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41
Q

Small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and house immune cells.

A

Lymph Nodes

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42
Q

Site of T-cell maturation.

A

Thymus

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43
Q

Filters blood, removes old red blood cells (erythrocytes), and fights infections.

A

Spleen

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44
Q

Trap pathogens entering through the mouth or nose.

A

Tonsils and Adenoids

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45
Q

A soft, spongy tissue in the center of bones that produces blood cells and stores fat.

A

Bone Marrow

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46
Q

Molecule that is recognized by cells of the adaptive immune system and typically elicits a response from these cells

A

Antigen

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47
Q

the small molecular domains where immune cells recognize and react to

A

Epitopes / Antigenic determinants

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48
Q

A glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin family that interacts specifically with an antigenic determinant.

A

Antibody

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49
Q

Types of Antibodies

  • Secreted into mucous, saliva, tears, colostrum.
  • Tags pathogens for destruction.
  • Present in almost all exocrine secretions
  • Produced by plasma cells in mucosa or mucosal digestive, respiratory and refractive tracts
A

IgA

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50
Q

Types of Antibodies

  • D = Delta
  • B-cell receptor.
  • Stimulates release of IgM.
  • Least abundant antibody
A

IgD

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51
Q

Types of Antibodies

  • Binds to mast cells and basophils.
  • Allergy and antiparasitic activity.
  • Much less abundant in the circulation stimulated by allergic reactions
A

IgE

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52
Q

Types of Antibodies

  • Binds to phagocytes.
  • Main blood antibody for secondary responses.
  • Crosses placenta.
  • Most abundant class
  • Representing 75-85% of the immunoglobulin in blood
  • Production increases during immune responses following infections
A

IgG

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53
Q

Types of Antibodies

  • Fixes complement.
  • Main antibody of primary responses.
  • B-cell receptor.
  • Immune system memory.
  • Produced in an initial response
A

IgM

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54
Q

Consists of lymphoid cells which are irregularly scattered in a loose manner as found in the lamina propria of the villi of small intestines and in some lymphoid organs

A

Diffused lymphoid connective tissue

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55
Q

Filter lymphatic fluid for foreign substances, such as cancer cells and infections. They contain white blood cells called lymphocytes that help the body fight infection and disease

A

Lymph node

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56
Q

Completely surrounds each lymph nodes and extends to several trabeculae throughout the lymphoid tissue

A

Connective Tissue (CT)

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57
Q

Lymph nodes regions

A
  • Cortex
  • Paracortex
  • Medulla
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58
Q

Contains an abundance of lymphoid cells closely packed together, either as lymph nodules/lymph follicles or lymphatic cords.

A

Dense/Compact Lymphoid tissue

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59
Q

Compact, circumscribed condensations of lymphocytes within the diffused lymphoid tissue.

A

Lymph nodules

60
Q

________ are the sites of active production of lymphocytes, but a proportion of the newly formed cells die locally and are disposed of by the ________

A

The germinal centers
macrophages

61
Q

An irregular elongated condensation of lymphocytes in the medulla of the lymph node.

A

Lymphatic Cord

62
Q

Very large clusters of lymphoid follicles located in the wall of the ileum which allow close monitoring of microorganisms in the gut.

A

Peyer’s patches

63
Q

three divisions of the Anterior Pituitary

A
  • Pars Distalis - comprises most of the anterior lobe (-75%)
  • Pars tuberalis
  • Pars Intermedia - thin remnant (<2%) at interface between the anterior and posterior lobes that contains numerous colloid (protein)-filled cysts
64
Q

dilations of axons filled with neuro-secretion vesicle

A

Herring Bodies

65
Q

Axons from the hypothalamus that release hormones into the capillaries of the Pars nervosa.

A

Posterior Pituitary

66
Q

Located in the middle of your brain that helps regulate your body’s circadian rhythm by secreting the hormone melatonin

A

Pineal Gland

67
Q

Located in the neck and develops from the endodermal lining of the floor of the primitive pharynx.

A

Thyroid Gland

68
Q

Thyroid function

A

Controls metabolism through thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

69
Q

______ develop from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches. consist of two major epithelial cells:

A

Parathyroid Gland
Principal cells and oxyphil cells.

70
Q

Where is the Parathyroid Gland located

A

the posterior surface of the thyroid
gland.

71
Q

Pituitary gland function

A

Regulates growth, metabolism, and
reproduction.

72
Q

stimulates cells to produce insulin lipofactor 1 of IGF1 which stimulate growth, muscle, and bone

A

Growth hormone

73
Q

_______ stimulates cells in the adrenal gland to produce _________

A

ACTH
corticosteroids

74
Q

stimulates cells in the thyroid gland to produce the hormones T3 and T4

75
Q

initiates and maintain milk production in mammary glands

76
Q

stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

A

Luteinizing hormone

77
Q

stimulates the ovarian follicular cells to produce estrogen and progesterone and cytolytic cells spermatogenesis

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

78
Q

enclosed by a thin layer of connective tissue.

79
Q

connective tissue extends inwards from the capsule to partially outline irregular lobes and lobules.

A

Trabeculae

80
Q

Secretory follicles constitute the functional units of the gland.

A

Parenchyma

81
Q

Spherical follicles in which thyroid hormones are stored

A

Thyroid Follicles

81
Q

Lumen of each follicle is filled with the gel-like mass called

82
Q

Contains cells that appears to function in regulating serum calcium levels and bone density

83
Q

Small numbers of larger cells located at the periphery of follicles that secrete calcitonin.

A

Parafollicular Cells

84
Q

High serum calcium concentrations stimulate ________ to produce ______ when serum calcium levels are below normal their release is inhibited

A

c-cells
calcitonin

85
Q

Closely associated with the thyroid and consist of closely packed groups of two cell types

A

Parathyroid Gland

86
Q

the majority of cells in the parathyroid. Have prominent central nuclei surrounded by pale cytoplasm

A

Chief Cells

87
Q

larger cells with dark nuclei and strongly eosinophilic cytoplasm because of numerous mitochondria.

A

Oxyphil Cells

88
Q

larger cells with dark nuclei and a watery, clear cytoplasm.

A

Clear Cells

89
Q

Links the nervous and endocrine systems; controls the pituitary gland.

A

Hypothalamus

90
Q

Regulates other endocrine glands; secretes growth hormone, prolactin, etc.

A

Pituitary Gland (Master Gland)

91
Q

Regulates sleep-wake cycles through melatonin

A

Pineal Gland

92
Q

Regulates calcium levels in the blood

A

Parathyroid

93
Q

for the development of the are essential for adaptive immunity

94
Q

Produces cortisol, adrenaline, and aldosterone for stress response and metabolism

A

Adrenal Glands

95
Q

Regulates blood sugar via insulin and glucagon.

96
Q

Produce sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.

A

Gonads (Ovaries/Testes)

97
Q

An English microscopist and physicist observed a slice of cork under a microscope. He discovered many small compartments-like honey comb structures which he described as cells. His discovery served as the foundation of the cell theory.

A

ROBERT HOOKE

98
Q

True Father of Histology

A

MARCELO MALPHIGI

99
Q

Single layer of basophilic cuboidal or columnar cells on the basement membrane at dermal-epidermal junction.

A

STRATUM BASALE (BASAL LAYER)

100
Q

● Normally the thickest layer (epidermal ridges).
● Polyhedral cells with central nuclei with nucleoli; cytoplasm actively synthesizes keratins.

A

STRATUM SPINOSUM (SPINOUS LAYER)

101
Q

combined zone where some cells may still divide.

A

Stratum germinativum:

102
Q

● Found only in thick skin.
● 2-3 layers of thin, translucent layer of flattened eosinophilic keratinocytes.

A

STRATUM LUCIDUM

103
Q

● Most superficial layer.
● 15-20 layers of squamous, keratinized cells.
● Keratinocytes are filled with birefringent filamentous keratins.
● Protect against friction & water loss

A

STRATUM CORNEUM

104
Q

LAYERS OF DERMIS
● More superficial layer.
● Areolar connective tissue.

A

PAPILLARY LAYER

105
Q

LAYERS OF DERMIS
● Deeper layer & thicker layer.
● Dense irregular connective tissue.
● Surrounds hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nerves & deep plexus of blood vessels.
● Fewer cells.
● Elastic fibers: provides skin elasticity.

A

RETICULAR LAYER

106
Q

Loose connective tissues that bind skin loosely to the subjacent organs.

A

SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE

107
Q

Receive various stimuli from the environment.

A

SENSORY RECEPTORS

108
Q

Initiate impulses when light-touch or low-frequency stimuli against skin temporarily deform their shape, fingertips, palms & soles.

A

MEISSNER CORPUSCLES

109
Q

Found deep in reticular dermis and hypodermis; sensing coarse touch, pressure & vibrations; wall of rectum and urinary bladder.

A

LAMELLATED (PACINIAN) CORPUSCLES

110
Q

Elongated keratinized structures.

111
Q

epidermal invaginations where hairs are formed.

A

Hair follies

112
Q

Terminal dilation of growing hair follicle.

113
Q

Inserts into the base of the hair bulb; contains capillary network required to sustain hair follicle.

A

DERMAL PAPILLA

114
Q

Part of hair extending beyond skin surface.

A

HAIR SHAFT

115
Q

Hard plates of keratin on the dorsal surface of each distal phalanx.

116
Q

Proximal part of the nail; covered by a fold of skin; forms from the nail matrix.

117
Q

Epidermal stratum corneum extended from nail root.

A

CUTICLE / EPONYCHIUM

118
Q

Bound to a bed of epidermis

A

NAIL PLATE

119
Q

Bed of epidermis; contains only basal & spinous epidermal layers.

120
Q

Where cells divide, move distally and become keratinized.

A

NAIL MATRIX

121
Q

● Embedded in the dermis.
● Most of the body except palms.

A

SEBACEOUS GLANDS

122
Q

Lipid-producing; filled with small fat droplets.

123
Q

Main secretory product that gradually covers the surfaces of epidermis & hair shafts; mixture of lipids that are hydrolyzed by bacterial enzymes; increases greatly at puberty

124
Q

physiologic response to increased body temperature dung physical exercise or thermal stress, most effective means of temperature regulation of humans

125
Q

Develop as long epidermal invaginations embedded in dermis

A

SWEAT GLANDS

126
Q

● Widely distributed in the skin.
● Most numerous in foot soles.
● Sweat is mostly water.

A

ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS

127
Q

● Skin of the axillary & perineal regions.
● Incomplete & non-functional until after puberty.
● Secrete protein-rich sweat onto the hair of hair follicles.

A

APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS

128
Q

FOUR TYPES OF TISSUES

A

● Epithelial
● Connective
● Muscular
● Nervous

129
Q

for slicing and sectioning the tissues into smaller pieces.

130
Q

process of preserving tissue samples.

131
Q

process of enclosing the tissue sample by covering it with liquid paraffin wax.

132
Q

used to highlight tissue features and enhance its contrast for better viewing.

133
Q

removes water from the tissue as embedding media are immiscible with water tissue is passed through graded series of alcohols

A

Dehydration

134
Q

replaces alcohol w/ a clearing agent to make the tissue transparent and compatible w/ the embedding medium.

135
Q

ensures that the embedding medium penetrates the tissue completely

A

Infiltration

136
Q

produces thin slices of tissue for microscopic examination.

A

Trimming/ Sectioning

137
Q

most commonly used nuclear stain in
histology

A

Hematoxylin (basic dye)
Eosin (acidic dye)

138
Q

commonly used connective tissue stain in both histology and pathology; stains mucus as well as collagenous and reticular fibers blue or green.

A

Trichrome/Masson Triple Stain

139
Q

Technique for demonstrating glycoproteins, mucins and some proteoglycans.

A

Periodic Acid Schiff Stain (PAS)

140
Q

such as Aldehyde Fuchsin, Weigert’s, or
Verhoeff Stain stains deep purple.

A

Elastic Fiber Stains

141
Q

oxidation-reduction technique that visualizes extracellular matrix components like reticular fibers or basement membranes. This technique produces dark brown or black stains by treating the sample with a strong oxidizing agent

A

Silver Stain

142
Q

○ Tightly packed form of DNA.
○ Nuclei stain uniformly and intensely with hematoxylin.
○ Indicative of a cell with low transcriptional activity.

A

Heterochromatin

143
Q

○ Lightly packed form of DNA.
○ Nuclei show random clumps of hematoxylin staining mostly at the periphery of the nucleus and the nucleolus.
○ indicative of cells with high transcriptional activity.

A

Euchromatin

144
Q

Refers to the sheets of cells that cover the exterior surfaces of the body.

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

145
Q

Binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body.

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

146
Q

Is excitable, responding to stimulation and contracting to provide movement.

A

MUSCLE TISSUE

Histology [LAB] (3 decks)

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