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Biology 11 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of cells undergo mitosis?

A

Somatic Cells

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2
Q

What is Asexual reproduction?

A

Only needing one parent who produces all off-springs fe. bacteria

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3
Q

Binary Fission

A

The process of asexual reproduction

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4
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Don’t have to seek out a mate, produces special anatomy, off-springs are 100% clones of parents, direct and invariable, faster growth.

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5
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

If environment changes: can not adapt,

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6
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Reproducing with combination of genetic information of two parents of different sexes.

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7
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Off springs are better adapted

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8
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Need specialized sex organs, have to attract mates, costly and risky

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9
Q

Heritability

trains

A

The passing of train(t)s from parent to off-spring: inherit

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10
Q

Trait

A

A characteristic of individual, can be quantitative or qualitative aspects

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11
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of heritability

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12
Q

What is DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, a polymer

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13
Q

Polymer

A

A structure made with repeating units called monomers

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14
Q

Monomers

A

Bonded with other identical molecules to create polymers

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15
Q

DNA monomer is called…

A

Nucleotide

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16
Q

Three different nucleotide groups

A

phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base

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17
Q

4 Nucleotide bases

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
AT, GC (@groupchat)

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18
Q

What type of structure does DNA have

A

Double Helix

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19
Q

The two strands run…

A

Anti parallel

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20
Q

DNA in long strands are called…

A

Chromatin

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21
Q

What makes up a chromosome

A

4 chromatids and a centromere

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22
Q

What is a chromatin

A

Tangled strands of DNA and protein within a eukaryotic nucleus

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23
Q

What is a chromatid

A

One of the two indentical halves of a chromosome, replicated in preparation for cell duplication

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24
Q

What is the centromere

A

The region where two sister chromatids are held together in a chromosome

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25
Q

How many chromosomes

A

23 pairs (46)

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26
Q

Two types of chromosomes

A

Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes

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27
Q

The central Dogma

A

Genes transcribed into mRNA then leaves nucleus, enters cytoplasm, translated into protein becomes building block of molecules

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28
Q

Alleles

A

Diff variation of the same gene

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29
Q

Homologous Chromosome

A

pairs of chromosomes that appear similar in terms of their length, shape and bonding pattern. Same genes not identical

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30
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are made of cells, the smallest unit, cells only come from preexistent units.

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31
Q

What does every cell cycle result in

A

two daughter cells (identical)

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32
Q

Benefits to cell division

A

growth in organism, Repairing tissues and organs, maintenance to replace dying or dead cells

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33
Q

3 phases for Interphase

A

G1,S,G2
G1 - bigger size and biomolecules
S - Duplication
G2- Proteins

34
Q

What happens durig Prophase (Mitosis)

A

Chromatin condense into chromosomes, Sister Chromatids are attaced by centromeres, Nuclear membrane breaks down, Centromeres more to opposite sides of the poles, spindle fibers form

35
Q

What happens during Metaphase (Mitosis)

A

Spindle fibers line up the chromosomes along the equator

36
Q

What happens during Anaphase (Mitosis)

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart, each sister becomes a chromosome, Chromosomes will be gathered at the end of each pole

37
Q

What happens during Telophase (Mitosis)

A

Spindle fibers break down, nuclear membrane, Chromosomes decondense into their string form

38
Q

Cytokinesis (Mitosis kinda not rly)

A

Cytoplasm is split between cells, animals cells form a cleavage furrow seperating them, plant cells get a cell plate: new cell wall

39
Q

3 Checkpoints in Mitosis

A

Between G1-S, During G2, Metaphase

40
Q

Gamete cells

A

Haploid (Half) 23 from dad 23 from mom sperm+egg

41
Q

Haploid umber is designated as

A

n

42
Q

Humans have a haploid number of

A

23

43
Q

Somatic cells are

A

diploids

44
Q

Diploids

A

cells that contain pairs of homologous chromosomes

45
Q

Humans have a diploid number of

A

46

46
Q

Genetic Reduction

A

A form of cell division that produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes

47
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

The products of meiosis have different alleles and give rise to genetically distinct offsprings

48
Q

Interphase (Meiosis)

A

Cell grows, DNA replication, Duplicated chromosomes are made up of identical sister chromatids

49
Q

Prophase I (meiosis)

A

Homologous chromosomes align together called synapsis, held together long the length, crossing over occurs, cetrosomes move to opposite poles, spindle fibers form

50
Q

What is crossing over

A

Homologous chromosomes will exchange sections of DNA, this occur anywhere on the chromosome, this is how genetic diversity exists

51
Q

Chiasma

A

The contact point during crossing over

52
Q

Metaphase I (Meiosis)

A

They are now crossed up and grouped, pairs of homologoues chromosomes line up along the equator, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of the homolous chromosomes

53
Q

Anaphase I (meiosis)

A

The entire moves, pairs of homologous chromosomes are serperated, centromere is not brokenm singke chromosomes moves to each pole, The chromosome number has been replaced to haploids

54
Q

Telophase & CytoKeeis (Meiosis)

A

Nuclear membrane starts to reform, chromosomes decondense, cytokenesis occurs forming two seperate cells

55
Q

Prophase II (Meiosis)

A

Nuclear membrane breaks down, chromosomes condense, Centrosomes move to opposite poles, Spindle fibers form (no crossing over)

56
Q

Metaphase II (Meiosis)

A

Chromosomes line up along the equator, order is random, independant assortment occurs

57
Q

Anaphase II (Meiosis)

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart ad move to opposite poles of the cell

58
Q

Telophase II & Cytokenesis (Meiosis)

A

Nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes, chromosomes decondense, cells split apart and form 4 haploid gametes

59
Q

What is Independent assortment

A

Occurs during metaphase, When lining up each pair of homologous chromosomes are idedpendant or the the other chromosomes, increases genetic diversity

60
Q

Non- Disjunction

A

When the cells dont split properly

61
Q

Where in Meiosis could problems occur

A

Anaphase I and II and Non-Disjunction

62
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Producing male gametes

63
Q

Where does Spermatogenesis start

A

in the testicles, starts with spermatogonium

64
Q

Where in the sperm does the nucleus and organelles sit

A

The head

65
Q

Midsection has many…

A

Mitochondria

66
Q

How does the sperm swim

A

Flagellum

67
Q

Oogenesis

A

Producing female Gametes

68
Q

Where does Oogenesis occur

A

occurs in the ovaries, start with oogonium

69
Q

When does oogonium start and stop

A

Mitosis and prophase I

70
Q

After puberty, the meiosis I will continue for one cell every…

A

month (periods)

71
Q

What is a polar body

A

oocyte after getting most of the cytoplasm and nutrients

72
Q

Meiosis is only completed with

A

Fertilization

73
Q

Fertilization

A

two gametes form a zygote

74
Q

Haploid gametes form a

A

diploid zygote

75
Q

zygote undergoes mitosis to form an

A

embryo

76
Q

Karyotype

A

A photograph of homolous chromosomes in a cellW

77
Q

When can you take a picture of karyotypes

A

Metaphase

78
Q

How many chromosomes do karyotypes show

A

23 pairs

79
Q

When non disjunction occurs, it can result in…

A

Trisomy- gain chromie
Monosomy- lose chromie

80
Q

Four possible errors in chromosome structure

A

Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Reciprocal translocation

Biology 11 (3 decks)

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