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Biology 11 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cells undergo mitosis?

A

Somatic Cells

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2
Q

What is Asexual reproduction?

A

Only needing one parent who produces all off-springs fe. bacteria

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3
Q

Binary Fission

A

The process of asexual reproduction

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4
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Don’t have to seek out a mate, produces special anatomy, off-springs are 100% clones of parents, direct and invariable, faster growth.

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5
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

If environment changes: can not adapt,

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6
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Reproducing with combination of genetic information of two parents of different sexes.

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7
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Off springs are better adapted

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8
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Need specialized sex organs, have to attract mates, costly and risky

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9
Q

Heritability

trains

A

The passing of train(t)s from parent to off-spring: inherit

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10
Q

Trait

A

A characteristic of individual, can be quantitative or qualitative aspects

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11
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of heritability

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12
Q

What is DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, a polymer

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13
Q

Polymer

A

A structure made with repeating units called monomers

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14
Q

Monomers

A

Bonded with other identical molecules to create polymers

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15
Q

DNA monomer is called…

A

Nucleotide

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16
Q

Three different nucleotide groups

A

phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base

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17
Q

4 Nucleotide bases

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
AT, GC (@groupchat)

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18
Q

What type of structure does DNA have

A

Double Helix

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19
Q

The two strands run…

A

Anti parallel

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20
Q

DNA in long strands are called…

A

Chromatin

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21
Q

What makes up a chromosome

A

4 chromatids and a centromere

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22
Q

What is a chromatin

A

Tangled strands of DNA and protein within a eukaryotic nucleus

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23
Q

What is a chromatid

A

One of the two indentical halves of a chromosome, replicated in preparation for cell duplication

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24
Q

What is the centromere

A

The region where two sister chromatids are held together in a chromosome

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25
How many chromosomes
23 pairs (46)
26
Two types of chromosomes
Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes
27
The central Dogma
Genes transcribed into mRNA then leaves nucleus, enters cytoplasm, translated into protein becomes building block of molecules
28
Alleles
Diff variation of the same gene
29
Homologous Chromosome
pairs of chromosomes that appear similar in terms of their length, shape and bonding pattern. Same genes not identical
30
Cell theory
All living things are made of cells, the smallest unit, cells only come from preexistent units.
31
What does every cell cycle result in
two daughter cells (identical)
32
Benefits to cell division
growth in organism, Repairing tissues and organs, maintenance to replace dying or dead cells
33
3 phases for Interphase
G1,S,G2 G1 - bigger size and biomolecules S - Duplication G2- Proteins
34
What happens durig Prophase (Mitosis)
Chromatin condense into chromosomes, Sister Chromatids are attaced by centromeres, Nuclear membrane breaks down, Centromeres more to opposite sides of the poles, spindle fibers form
35
What happens during Metaphase (Mitosis)
Spindle fibers line up the chromosomes along the equator
36
What happens during Anaphase (Mitosis)
Sister chromatids are pulled apart, each sister becomes a chromosome, Chromosomes will be gathered at the end of each pole
37
What happens during Telophase (Mitosis)
Spindle fibers break down, nuclear membrane, Chromosomes decondense into their string form
38
Cytokinesis (Mitosis kinda not rly)
Cytoplasm is split between cells, animals cells form a cleavage furrow seperating them, plant cells get a cell plate: new cell wall
39
3 Checkpoints in Mitosis
Between G1-S, During G2, Metaphase
40
Gamete cells
Haploid (Half) 23 from dad 23 from mom sperm+egg
41
Haploid umber is designated as
n
42
Humans have a haploid number of
23
43
Somatic cells are
diploids
44
Diploids
cells that contain pairs of homologous chromosomes
45
Humans have a diploid number of
46
46
Genetic Reduction
A form of cell division that produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes
47
Genetic Recombination
The products of meiosis have different alleles and give rise to genetically distinct offsprings
48
Interphase (Meiosis)
Cell grows, DNA replication, Duplicated chromosomes are made up of identical sister chromatids
49
Prophase I (meiosis)
Homologous chromosomes align together called synapsis, held together long the length, crossing over occurs, cetrosomes move to opposite poles, spindle fibers form
50
What is crossing over
Homologous chromosomes will exchange sections of DNA, this occur anywhere on the chromosome, this is how genetic diversity exists
51
Chiasma
The contact point during crossing over
52
Metaphase I (Meiosis)
They are now crossed up and grouped, pairs of homologoues chromosomes line up along the equator, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of the homolous chromosomes
53
Anaphase I (meiosis)
The entire moves, pairs of homologous chromosomes are serperated, centromere is not brokenm singke chromosomes moves to each pole, The chromosome number has been replaced to haploids
54
Telophase & CytoKeeis (Meiosis)
Nuclear membrane starts to reform, chromosomes decondense, cytokenesis occurs forming two seperate cells
55
Prophase II (Meiosis)
Nuclear membrane breaks down, chromosomes condense, Centrosomes move to opposite poles, Spindle fibers form (no crossing over)
56
Metaphase II (Meiosis)
Chromosomes line up along the equator, order is random, independant assortment occurs
57
Anaphase II (Meiosis)
Sister chromatids are pulled apart ad move to opposite poles of the cell
58
Telophase II & Cytokenesis (Meiosis)
Nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes, chromosomes decondense, cells split apart and form 4 haploid gametes
59
What is Independent assortment
Occurs during metaphase, When lining up each pair of homologous chromosomes are idedpendant or the the other chromosomes, increases genetic diversity
60
Non- Disjunction
When the cells dont split properly
61
Where in Meiosis could problems occur
Anaphase I and II and Non-Disjunction
62
Spermatogenesis
Producing male gametes
63
Where does Spermatogenesis start
in the testicles, starts with spermatogonium
64
Where in the sperm does the nucleus and organelles sit
The head
65
Midsection has many...
Mitochondria
66
How does the sperm swim
Flagellum
67
Oogenesis
Producing female Gametes
68
Where does Oogenesis occur
occurs in the ovaries, start with oogonium
69
When does oogonium start and stop
Mitosis and prophase I
70
After puberty, the meiosis I will continue for one cell every...
month (periods)
71
What is a polar body
oocyte after getting most of the cytoplasm and nutrients
72
Meiosis is only completed with
Fertilization
73
Fertilization
two gametes form a zygote
74
Haploid gametes form a
diploid zygote
75
zygote undergoes mitosis to form an
embryo
76
Karyotype
A photograph of homolous chromosomes in a cellW
77
When can you take a picture of karyotypes
Metaphase
78
How many chromosomes do karyotypes show
23 pairs
79
When non disjunction occurs, it can result in...
Trisomy- gain chromie Monosomy- lose chromie
80
Four possible errors in chromosome structure
Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Reciprocal translocation

Biology 11 (3 decks)

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