Quiz 1 Flashcards
What symptoms would be expected in a lesion of the cortex of the brain?
Aphasia
Apraxia
Find CN III-XII (IV not pictured) on this image:
What does rostral mean?
Towards the nose/beak
What is the embryological name for the brainstem?
What structure is pictured here? What part of the brainstem is it part of?
The tectum, which is part of the midbrain
What structure is pictured here? What view of the brainstem is being used?
The tectum, viewed in a midsaggital slice
What is immediately ventral to the tectum?
The cerebral aqueduct
What structure is pictured here? (HINT: it is part of the tectum)?
The quadrigeminal plate
What are the individual swellings of the quadrigeminal plate called? Into what two groups are they divided?
Colliculi
They are divided into two groups:
-Superior colliculi
-Inferior colliculi
What are the functions of the superior and inferior colliculi respectively?
Where is the choroid plexus found? What is its function?
What two ventricles are connected by the cerebral aqueduct?
What is the result of a blockage in the cerebral aqueduct?
What are two additional names for the cerebral aqueduct?
What area of the brain stem is the tegmentum?
Where is the red nucleus found in the brainstem? What landmark is found at the level of the red nucleus?
What is the main function of the red nucleus?
Assists in motor coordination as part of the extrapyramidal system
Where in the brainstem is the reticular formation found? What is its purpose?
Why is the substantia nigra great landmark for identifying the midbrain?
It is found from the rostral to the caudal levels of the midbrain
What are the two main functions of the substantia nigra? What major disease is associated with its degeneration?
What structure is pictured here?
What are two other names for the cerebral peduncle?
Where is the cerebral peduncle found on this cross-section?
Where can the corticospinal tract be found in the cerebral peduncle?
What side of the body do upper motor neurons traversing the corticospinal tract in the midrain end up innervating?
The contralateral side
What structure is pictured here? What structure is it just medial to?
It is just medial to the substantia nigra
What is the function of the spinothalamic tract?
From which side of the body does the spinothalamic tract relay pain and temperature sensation?
The contralateral side
What structure is seen here just anterior to the spinothalamic tract? (Sandwiched between the red nucleus and spinothalamic tract)
At what level of the spinal cord does vibration and proprioception in a peripheral neuron decussate to the contralateral side before ascending the DCML tract?
The Spinomedullary junction
Which two cranial nerves come off of the midbrain?
CN III (Oculomotor) and CN IV (Trochlear)
*CN III is medial, CN IV is lateral on the picture
Between which two arteries does the oculomotor nerve course?
On which side of the midbrain does CN IV exit?
*This can make it hard to find on gross anatomy
What are the three main elements of the midbrain’s functional significance?
What area of the brainstem is highlighted in this picture?
The pons
What structure is pictured here within the pons? What is its function?
At what level of the cortical spinal tract does decussation to the contralateral side of the body occur?
The pyramids (medulla)
What structure is highlighted in this picture? Is this an anterior or posterior view of the brainstem?
It is a posterior view of the brainstem
At what level of the brainstem is the 4th ventricle found?
The pons and upper medulla
What area of the pons is highlighted here?
What structure is highlighted here in the pons? What is its function?
How is it easiest to find the Spinothalamic (ALS) tract in the pons?
1) Find bulge of pons proper
2) Follow it to the side of the buldge
3) ALS tract will be between the side of the buldge and the middle cerebral peduncle
What structure is seen in the highlighted portion of the pons? What is its function?
What four cranial nerves are associated with the pons?
What three characteristics highlight the functional signifiance of the pons?
What are two major structures that can help to differentiate the pons in cross-section?
-4th ventricle AND middle cerebral peduncle
-pons proper (Uncle Bob’s belly)
What portion of the brainstem is seen here?
The medulla
What structure within the medulla is seen here?
What structure is seen in this cross-section of the medulla?
The pyramid
*It contains the corticospinal tract
Where does decussation of the corticospinal tract occur?
Towards the bottom of the pyramids at the spinomedullary junction
What structure is seen here, just lateral to the pyramids in the medulla?
The olives
What structure is seen in this medulla cross-section? What is contained in this structure?
What is this structure seen in the medulla?
The 4th ventricle
What structure is seen here in the medulla?
What is the structure seen lateral to the pyramids and just behind the olives in a cross section of the medulla?
The Spinothalamic (ALS) tract
What structure is found immediately dorsal to the pyramids of the medulla?
The DCML tract
Which four cranial nerves are associated with the medulla?
What are the three important characteristics of the functional signifiance of the medulla?
What are some ways to identify the medulla on cross-section?
-Pyramids
-Olivary nucleus
-4th ventricle
-“plummer’s crack”
What is the signifance of the sulcus limitans in development of the spinal cord?
It creates a division between the alar and basal plates, which will develop into sensory and motor nuclei, respectively
Differentiate the approximate locations of the following neuron tracts in the spinal cord:
-Somatic sensory
-Visceral sensory
-Visceral motor
-Somatic motor
What is the difference in motor and sensory orientation in the spinal cord versus the brainstem?
What are branchial motor nuclei? Why are they only found in the brainstem?
What are hearing and balance nuclei? Where are they found in the brainstem?
How are sensory and motor nuclei organized in the brainstem?
What is the signifiance of the vertical arrangement (North/South) of brainstem nuclei?
We find that nuclei types run in the same vertical tracts (i.e. somatic motor nuclei for CN III, VI and XII run in the same vertical tract) but all nuclei in a tract are NOT seen at all levels of brainstem
What are four questions that can be used to help identify the location of a CN nuclei?
What are the four somatic motor neurons? In what part of the brainstem are they found?
Where are the somatic motor nuclei found in the brainstem on the “East/West” axis (cross-sectional)?
What muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nucleus?
All extraocular muscles (except SO and LR)
What direction does the affected eye move if the oculomotor nerve is damaged? Why is this?
*Ptosis will also be present
At what level of the midbrain is the oculomotor nucleus?
The level of the superior colliculus
At what level of the midbrain is the trochlear nucleus found?
The inferior colliculus (caudal midbrain)
What is unique about the axon pathway of the trochlear nerve? Which eye will be affected if the right trochlear NUCLEUS (not nerve) is damaged? What is different about nerve damage?
The left SO will be affected
Trochlear nerve damage produces an ipsilateral deficit
What muscles does the trochlear nerve innervate?
How do we test the function of the superior oblique muscle?
What muscles are innervated by the abducens nerve?
Why would a patient get double vision when looking laterally to the side with an abducens NERVE (not nucleus) lesion?
Why does an injury to only one side of the abducens nucleus (right or left) result in an inability to look laterally to side of lesion with either eye?
In what part of the brainstem is the hypoglossal nucleus? What does it innervate?
What is the most important muscle innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?
To which side of the body does the tongue deviate if the hypoglossal nucleus/nerve is injured?
What are the four visceral motor neurons found in the brainstem? In which parts of the brainstem are they found?
Where are visceral motor neurons found in the brain stem with “East/West” distinction? I.e. where are they relative to the sulcus limitans?
What cranial nerve is the Edinger-Westphal nucleus associated with?
*Note that it follows the somatic motor pathway out of the midbrain
Where does the Edinger-Westphal nucleus synapse? What two muscles does it innervate? What are the actions of each muscle?
What happens to the lens of the eye when the Edinger-Westphal nucleus causes the ciliary muscles to contract?
Does seeing an object close up or from a distance require contraction of the ciliary muscles (relax susp ligaments and lens)?
Seeing an object up close requires more refraction from the lens, so contraction of the ciliary muscles is necessary for the accomodation
What symptom would be noticed in the event of damage to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus? (apart from blurry vision due to inability to execute lens accomodation)
*Note that the eye is also looking down an out, classic symptoms of oculomotor nucleus damage. This is because damage to the EW nucleus is often paired with damage to the OM nucleus
With what cranial nerve is the superior salivatory nucleus associated? What three glands are innervated by branches from this nucleus? What type of autonomic motor action is this?
What cranial nerve leaves the superior salivatory nucleus to innervate the salivary glands?
The chorda tympani branch of the Facial nerve (CN VII)
*Note the chorda tympani nerve hitchhikes along the lingual nerve (CN V-3) near the submandibular ganglion
What cranial nerve leaves the superior salivatory nucleus to innervate the nasopalatal glands and the lacrimal glands?
The greater petrosal branch of the Facial nerve (CN VII)
What are three symptoms that would be expected in the event of an injury to the superior salivatory nucleus of the pons?
In what part of the brainstem is the dorsal vagal nucleus found? What CN is it associated with? What organs is it responsible for ANS stimulation of?
It is found in the medulla
Why is there not many symptoms associated with injury to the dorsal vagal nucleus?
Most of the organs innervated (through the vagus nerve) have independent function, and some such as the heart, have dual innervation
Where is the inferior salivatory nucleus found in the brainstem? What CN is it associated with, and what is innervated? What can result from injury to the ISN?
*Found just posterior to the dorsal vagal nucleus
Injury can reduce the amount of saliva produced (note the parotid gland is only responsible for some of the saliva production)
What type of motor neuron is the trigeminal motor nucleus? In what part of the brainstem is it found? What cranial nerve is associated with it, and what muscles are innervated?
Branchial motor neuron
Found in the pons
Muscles of mastication include temporalis, masseter and pterygoids
Where is the chief-trigeminal nucleus located? What sensory information does it receive?
It is located just lateral (other side of sulcus limitans) to the trigeminal motor nucleus
Where is the spinal trigeminal nucleus located? What sensory information does it receive?
In what part of the brainstem is the facial motor nucleus found? What cranial nerve is it associated with? What is unique about the facial motor tract?
*It wraps around the abducens nucleus, so injury to the abducens nucleus/tract can also damage the facial motor tract
What can occur if the facial motor nucleus or tract is injured?
What is the signifiance of facial palsy with “sparing of the forehead”?
The forehead has dual innervation, so injury to the facial upper motor neuron (above the nucleus) will not cause palsy affecting the forehead (i.e. stroke)
Where in the brain is the nucleus ambiguus found? What muscles is it responsible for innervating? What CN is it associated with?
What are 3 significant clinical symptoms expected if there is an injury to the nucleus ambiguus?
What would be the expected effect of bilateral anterior cerebral artery lesions on sensory modalities such as pain & temperature as well as vibration and proprioception?
Bilateral ACA lesions would be expected to affect all sensory pathways mentioned.
If only some were affected (i.e. vibration & proprioception) that would be inconsistant with ischemia of the ACA arteries
Does Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome (ASAS) occur from a CNS lesion, PNS lesion, both, or niether?
CNS lesion
What are the changes that spinal cord shock produces in neurological exam findings over time, such as with anterior spinal artery syndrome?
Acute lesions of spinal cord can produce:
1) Hypotonia
2) Hypo/a-reflexia
3) Absent Babinski signs
due to spinal cord shock.
From a few days to about 2 weeks later, shock can give way to UMN findings such as spasticity, hyperreflexia, and Babinski signs.
True/False: The DC/ML tract as well as the ALS tract (spinothalamic) are both supplied blood by the anterior spinal artery
False
DC/ML: posterior spinal arteries (set of arteries)
ALS: anterior spinal artery (single artery)
What tracts are most consistantly affected in anterior spinal artery syndrome (ASAS)? Why is this?
The ALS (spinothalamic) tract and the corticospinal tract
They are both supplied blood from the anterior spinal artery
What sensory/motor loss results from ASAS?
ALS tract- pain and temperature sensation
Corticospinal tract- motor
What are some common mechanisms for infarction of the anterior spinal artery?
1) Motor vehicle accidents
2) acute aortic aneurysm or dissection
3) peripheral vascular disease ischemia
4) sickle cell disease
5) polycythemia
What are classic signs and symptoms of ASA infarction?
Below level of lesion:
-Loss of motor function
-Loss of pain and T sensation
Retained:
-Proprioception and vibration
Autonomic dysfunction:
-Orthostatic hypotension
-Sexual dysfunction (i.e. priapism)
-Bowel and bladder dysfunction
-Areflexia
-flaccid internal/external sphincters
How can a diagnosis of suspected anterior spinal artery syndrome be confirmed?
Diffusion weighted imaging MRI sequence
This is a diffusion weighted MRI imaging of the thoracic spine to evaluate the liklihood of anterior spinal artery ischemia. What do the findings indicate?
1) Grainy appearance to a DWI MRI indicate ischemia in the sequence
2) Abnormal areas are white
Therefore this confirms the presence of ASAS
The T2 weighted-imaging can further corroborate the pattern seen in the DWI
What does apopleptic mean in context of stroke symptoms?
Apopleptic refers to thunderclap immediate onset, or abrupt onset of stroke symptoms
What are three major classifications of disorders that present with apoplexy?
1) Vascular (stroke)
2) Seizure (electrical)
3) Ion channel (channelopathies)
Why does a patient with lateral medullary syndrome not present with muscle weakness inferior to the face?
The corticospinal tracts are in anterior brainstem, and blood supply is not compromised there due to stroke
What are the two categories of disorders that produce ptosis?
CN III lesions:
-Ptosis
-Midriasis
-Eye looks down and out
Horner syndrome:
-Ptosis
-meiosis (small pupil)
-hemi-anhydrosis
*Note: Horner syndrome involves damage to sympathetic innervation of eyelid/eye, unlike somatic motor innervation such as CN III
What cranial nerves are involved in the gag reflex?
CN IX: Afferent sensory
CN X: Efferent motor
Why is tongue strength normal in lateral medullary syndrome?
The hypoglossal nucleus is located medial to the area of ischemic tissue
What can be indicated by incoordination and intention tremor seen in LMS?
Injury to the ipsilateral cerebellum
What causes the vertigo experienced by the patient in LMS?
Vestibular nuclei on affected side are lesioned, producing nystagmus, and the lesioned vestibular nuclei fire less frequently than non-lesioned.
This is interpreted as head rotation by the brain, but the visual input does not corroborate this, and the resulting discrepancy results in nausea.
Why is Wallenberg syndrome (LMS) often an overlooked diagnosis?
This stroke does not typically produce weakness.
Most patients and physicians equate stroke with weakness, usually unliateraly, but this is not often the case with LMS.
What is the triage plan for a patient presenting to the ER with Wallenberg syndrome?
Since the patient is having a stroke, they are eligable for tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)
What blood vessel is most likely lesioned to produce the ichemia seen in Lateral Medullary syndrome?
It is usually the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, however if the vertebral artery is lesioned it could produce a thromboembolism blocking the PICA
What are two other names for lateral medullary syndrome?
Wallenberg syndrome
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome
What is the name of and composition of this commissure of the spinal cord?
The anterior/ventral white commissure
It is composed of both
1) second order spinothalamic tract axons
2) local interneurons
What pathology can be seen in the region of the central canal of the spinal cord?
Expansion of the central canal secondary to syringomyelia
What could result from syringomyelia that could cause bilateral pain and thermal sensation loss in corresponding dermatomes?
Pressure from the cyst could impair/destroy the anterior white commissure, impairing the ALS tract where it normally dessicates
What is the somatotopic organization of the anterolateral system?
Sacral dermatomes are represented laterally and cervical dermatomes medially
What are two names for the area seen here in this section of spinal cord?
The dorsolateral fasciculus or Tract of Lissauer
Where are the cell bodies located for the circled axons?
The dorsal root ganglia
How can occlusion of the anterior spinal artery lead to slurred speech?
It supplies the hypoglossal axons passing through the medulla, in addition to the medial lemniscus and corticospinal tract
Where do the cell bodies of upper motor neurons reside in the CNS?
The precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) in the frontal lobe
What is another name for the primary excitative neurons of the corticospinal system?
A pyramidal cell
Which structure in the brain is the gatekeeper that prevents unwanted movements?
The thalamus
What brain structure is a consultant on movements that provides input to the thalamus?
The basal ganglia
What is the difference between the pyramidal and extra pyramidal tract in the brain?
The pyramidal tract refers to the primary UMN in the corticospinal tract
The extrapyramidal tract generally is referred to as the basal ganglia and its input to the thalamus BUT technically also includes the cerebellar-thalamus tract
Where are the supplementary motor area and posterior parietal cortex located in the cerebrum? What are their functions?
What is the difference in innervation between corticobulbar tracts and corticospinal tracts?
What is unique about the temporal divison of CN VII (facial nerve)? In addition to contralateral UMN stimulation what other pathway innervates it?
Which branches of the facial nerve will be affected if there is a right sided lesion of the corticobulbar tract?
All the divisions of the facial nerve except for the temporal division will be affected
What three major brain areas are supplied blood from the middle cerebral artery?
1) Primary motor cortex
2) Broca’s area
3) Wenicke’s area
What important part of the primary motor cortex is supplied blood from the anterior cerebral artery?
What important part of the primary motor cortex is supplied blood from the middle cerebral artery?
Which parts of the brainstem are supplied blood by the basilar artery?
What two arteries are most notable for vascular supply to the motor cortex? Which parts of the motor homunculus are perfused by which artery?
What two arteries (artery systems) are responsible for perfusing the internal capsule? Which artery system perfuses which part?
What artery supplies blood to the cerebral peduncle?
What artery supplies blood to the pons?
What artery(ies) are responsible for perfusion to the pyramids of the medulla? For the lateral spinal cord?
What part of the spinal cord does the ASA not perfuse?
The dorsal columns (it basically covers everything else; pain, temp, motor function)
What is Locked In syndrome? What most commonly causes it? What part of gaze is spared? Why is consciousness usually preserved?
What are the differences in power, tone and bulk between an UMN lesions and LMN lesion?
What are the differences in fasciculations, deep tendon reflexes (DTR), and Babinski sign between UMN and LMN lesions?
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Besides the cerebellum, what other brain structure is most commonly affected by Wernicke encephalopathy?
The mamillary body (white arrows)
Mamillary body atrophy is the most common finding, although lesions can occur in other areas such as the oculomotor nuclei
What is the etiology of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)?
Loss of balance between CSF production and absorption
There is thought to be obstruction of CSF flow around brain convexities and insufficient absorption through arachnoid granulations of superior saggital sinus.
This is a communicating hydrocephalus
What major artery is located in the membrane of the dura mater? What type of hematoma is most common secondary to its rupture?
The middle meningeal artery
An epidural hematoma
What type of hematoma is most probable if the bridging cerebral veins are ruptured?
A subdural hematoma
What is the name of the structure indicated by the arrow? What vessel supplies it?
The cingulate gyrus
It is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery
What structure is indicated here? On which gyrus does it lie? What vessel supplies it?
The primary auditory cortex
It lies on the transverse temporal gyrus
It is supplied by the middle cerebral artery
What is the corpus callosum?
The primary commisural region of the brain. It consists of white matter tracts to connect the left and right hemispheres.
What is the septum pellucidum?
The thin membrane that separates the two lateral ventricles
What white matter structure lines the superior edge of the lateral ventricles? What four sections is it divided into, and what cerebral lobes are they associated with?
The corpus callosum
Rostrum- frontal lobe
Genu- frontal lobe
Body- parietal
Splenium- temporal/occipital lobes
*the midbody can be referred to as the “body”
What gyrus sits just superior to the corpus callosum?
The cingulate gyrus
What white matter tract runs along the inferior edge of the lateral ventricles?
The fornix
What does the anterior commissure connect?
The two temporal lobes
What language, motor and social developments are expected for a 2 month old baby?
*hunger
What language, motor and social developments are expected for a 4 month old baby?
What language, motor and social developments are expected for a 6 month old baby?
What language, motor and social developments are expected for a 9 month old baby?
What language, motor and social developments are expected for a 12 month old baby?
What language, motor and social developments are expected for a 18 month old baby?
What language, motor and social developments are expected for a 2 year old child?
What language, motor and social developments are expected for a 3 year old child?
What language, motor and social developments are expected for a 4 year old child?
What language, motor and social developments are expected for a 5 year old child?
What are the first 3 stages of Separation-Individuation as put forth by Mahler, and what is the age associated with each stage?
What are the last 3 stages of Separation-Individuation as put forth by Mahler, and what is the age associated with each stage?
Where are the primary sensory neuron cell bodies in the dorsal column located?
The dorsal root ganglia
Where are the secondary sensory neuron cell bodies of the DC tract located?
The caudal medulla
Where are the tertiary sensory neuron cell bodies of the DC/ML tract located? In which limb of the internal capsule to they travel to the postcentral gyrus?
The VPL nucleus of the thalamus
The posterior limb of the internal capsule
Which systems/tracts do mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings belong to, respectively?
What is the receptive field of a sensory neuron? Are all receptive field sizes roughly the same?
What do proprioceptors detect?
Does the DCML or the ALS pathway have fibers with a larger diameter? Which pathway conducts faster?
Which neuron in the DCML tract is responsible for decussation? At what level of the spinal cord/brainstem does this occur?
The 2nd order neuron
This occurs at the level of the medulla
Does the 2nd order sensory neuron in the DC tract ascend in the ipsilateral or contralateral medial lemniscus?
Contralateral
This is the point in the medulla at which decussation occurs
Describe how the somatotropic organization of the DCML tract changes from the medulla to the midbrain?
Where are the cell bodies of the first order neurons of the ALS tract found? Where do the second order neurons decussate?
The dorsal root ganglia
They decussate after ascending 1-3 spinal cord segments
What are the two main classes of nociceptive neurons?
After ALS axons enter the spinal column what tract do the use to ascend/descend 1-3 spinal cord segments?
Lissauer’s tract
What sensory deficits would be associted with expansion of the central syrinx?
The pressure on the anterior white commissure could cause dysfunction bilaterally (due to decussation) for the ALS pathways
Besides the primary somatosensory cortex, what are four other notable locations the ALS projects to?
Where do the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order neuron cell bodies reside in the trigeminal tract? Where does the tract decussate?
What are the three main divisions for the trigeminal nucleus? Where is each located?
How many neurons are used to reach their destination in sensory tracts versus motor tracts?
What signs or symptoms would be common in small fiber neuropathies versus large fiber neuropathies?
Name the body structures associated with the following dermatomes:
-C2
-C4
-C5
-C6
-C7
-C8
-T1
Name the body structures associated with the following dermatomes:
-T4
-T10
-L1
-L3
-L4
-L5
-S1
-S2
In Brown-Sequard syndrome what are the expected findings:
-At the level of the lesion
-Ipsilateral and below
-Contralateral and below
What 9 classic sensory syndromes are important to understand for B&B exam 1 (as well as boards)?
What patient history finding in tandem with dermatomal hypersensitivity and vesicular eruption would be an indication of possible varicella zoster?
History of chicken pox
Superficial touch is extremely painful, though deep touch is not very bothersome
If the hypersensitivity/eruption is disseminated think about immunocompromisation
What are the two classic causes of dorsal column demyelination? Why is demyelination so problematic?
Syphilis and B12 deficiency
Demyelination leads to degeneration of the dorsal column
What symptoms/signs are similar between syphilis and B12 induced dorsal column demyelination? What symptoms/signs appear additionally in a B12 deficiency etiology?
Both
-Selective loss of vibration & proprioception
-Sensory ataxia: + Romberg
B12 deficiency- Corticospinal tract is also degenerating
-Spasticity (especially in the legs)
What sensory syndrome is likely to present with the following symptoms? What commonly precedes this presentation?
Syringomyelia or Syrinx
Neck trauma
What would be the expected presentation for a patient with a hemi-section (left side) at roughly T9-T11? What syndrome is this?
Brown Sequard Syndrome
What would be the expected presentation for Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome? Why is it so much more severe than posterior spinal artery syndrome?
The anterior spinal artery perfuses the spinothalamic and corticospinal tracts; essentially all of the spinal cord except the dorsal column
Posterior spinal artery syndrome would only affect the dorsal column
Why is a diagnosis of Wallenburg syndrome often missed? What symptoms can be seen contralaterally versus ipsilaterally? Why are hoarseness and hiccoughs seen?
There are only sensory symptoms, and no motor impairments
Hoarseness and hiccoughs are seen due to the impairment of CN IX and X
What post-ischemic stroke syndrome classically produces a contralateral hemi-body burning pain, hypersensitivity to pain, and allodynia?
Thalamic pain syndrome
What are the three classic symptoms in a patient with Thalamic Pain syndrome? What does it commonly present after?
In peripheral neuropathy (i.e. due to prolonged hyperglycemia), would sensory or motor symptoms occur first? Which nerves tend to be affected first? Do DTRs attenuate or hyper-reflex? What distribution do symptoms occur in?
What are the two types of functioning examined in the diagnosis of Intellectual Disability disorder?
What are the three domains of adaptive functioning (as used in diagnosis of IDD)?
What criteria must be met for a diagnosis of Intellectual Disability disorder?
At what age are children tested for suspected IDD?
Note that adaptive testing can be done from birth but is most often tested with IQ concurrently
What are notable characterstics (intellectual and physical) of children with fetal alcohol syndrome?
Characteristics:
-Growth deficiency
-Heart defects
-ID, learning disabilities
What percentage of ID is due to genetic, prenatal, perinatal, postnatal and unknown causes?
What part of the brainstem is shown here? What are the somatic, visceral, and branchial motor nuclei located in this level?
There is no branchial motor nuclei in the midbrain
What part of the brainstem is shown here? What are the somatic, visceral, and branchial motor nuclei located in this level?
What part of the brainstem is shown here? What are the somatic, visceral, and branchial motor nuclei located in this level?
What brain structure connects the thalamus to the basal ganglia?
What important neural pathways/fibers traverse the respesctive parts of the internal capsule:
-Anterior limb
-Genu
-Posterior limb
What is the somatotopic organization of the internal capsule?
Basically, it is the reverse of the primary somatosensory cortex
Where is the cervicomedullary junction? What tract decussates at this level?
The pyramidal tracts (corticospinal)
IMPORTANT: 10% of corticospinal fibers do not decussate here
