QUIZ 1 Flashcards
4 Key terms in Communication
process, systems, symbols and meanings (Wood, 2012)
In the context of communication, one never stops from communicating as it is an ongoing activity. It is a dynamic as it continually changes. Communication is never static.
Process
Communication is considered a process because it is an ________ on itself.
activity
Wood (2012) defined _______ as interrelated parts that affect one another. It is a
collection not of random parts, but of organized wholes.
system
Examples of a System
(culture, religion, ethnicity, nationality, socio-economic status, age, sex, political affiliation and others)
Another common term among the definitions is _________.. Wood (2012) explicitly used this term in her definition. In Palta’s definition, ________ is represented by language and in Ober and Newman’s, it is indicated by spoken or written words and facial expressions, gestures and voice qualities. For others, it is embedded in the term message.
symbols
At the heart of communication is _________. It can be viewed as an “end” in itself. This means that when people communicate, they attach ________ to the symbols they use (either verbal or non-verbal) with the intent that the person/s they are communicating with share the same ________ as intended. In other words, the goal is to generate common _________ through the messages provided or received.
meaning/s
Communication has two levels of meaning:
content level and relationship level
It refers to the literal meaning of the message. It is parallel to the denotative meaning of the message.
Content Level
It expresses the relationship between communicators. This can be the connotative meaning of a message.
Relationship Level
also refers to the understanding of the message. Ideally, your message should be understood in the same manner you intended to be.
Meanings
communication can be defined as continuous activity _______ that operates within a certain context ________ in which people exchanged words, gestures, and other verbal and nonverbal __________ behavior to create and understand information or messages__________.
(process), (system), (symbols), and (meaning).
a political scientist, produced a set of questions to conveniently describe what comprises communication.
Harold Laswell
provided more comprehensive components of
communication
Pearson et al. (2011)
Pearson et al. (2011) provided more comprehensive components of communication which include:
people, messages, codes, channels, feedback,
encoding and decoding and noise or barrier.
They are the ones involved in the communication process. They have the roles of being the source who initiates a message and the receiver as the intended target of the message.
People
This is the verbal and non-verbal form of idea, thought, or feeling that one intends to communicate to another person or group of people.
Message
pertains to the language one utters;
Verbal message
refers to gestures, body movements, sign languages, and facial expressions that carry with them their own meaning.
Non-verbal message
it refers to the means with which the message is delivered.
Channel
– It is the receiver’s verbal and non-verbal response to the source’s message
Feedback
It is a systematic arrangement of symbols used to create meanings in the mind of another person.
Code
is defined as the process of translating an idea or thought into a code.
Encoding
is the process of assigning meaning to an idea or a thought.
Decoding
In the context of communication, noise refers to any interference in the encoding and decoding processes which affect the clarity and understanding of a message.
Noise or Barrier
The common models of communication that have been utilized over the years are as follows:
I. Linear Model
II. Interactive Model
III. Transactional Model
Also called the transmission model.
Linear Model
assumes that communication is transmitted in a straightforward manner from a sender to a receiver. This clearly reflects that communication is a one-way process
Linear Model
In this model, communication flows in one direction from the sender (who?) with the message (says what?) which is sent via a certain medium (in what channel?) towards the receiver to bring about a certain result (with what effect?).
Laswell’s
Verbal Model
2 samples of Linear Model
Laswell’s Verbal Model
Shannon and Weaver’s Model
This model is in contrast with the linear one which considers communication as flowing only in one direction from a sender to a receiver (Gronbeck, 1999). In this model, communication is a two-way process which involves an exchange or an interaction between the sender and the receiver.
Interactive Model
In this model, the personal fields of experience, whether shared or no by the communicators are very important. According to Schramm, the communicators’ fields of experience explain why misunderstanding occurs.
Interactive Model
Schramm pointed out that when there are more overlaps in the communicator’s fields of experience (meaning they share the same experience), the better they understand each other.
Interactive Model
This model was adapted from Wood (1997) in response to the failure of the interactive model to portray the dynamism of human communication.
Transactional Model
The key features of the transactional model are as follows:
- It has a time element which influences how people communicate.
- It depicts communication as varying (not constant) and dynamic (not static).
- The outer lines in the
model indicate that
communication occurs
within systems that
influence what and how
people communicate. - Finally, the model does not label one as the sender and the other as the receiver. Instead, are communicators who actively, equally, and simultaneously participate in the communication process.
In sum, the transactional
model is a model in which
people interact with and
through symbols overtime to
share and create meaning.
