Quiz 1 Flashcards
What parts make up the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
Name the lobes on the brain
Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
Name the functions of the frontal lobe
Executive control and motor function
Name the functions of the temporal lobe
Hearing perception, memory, smell, and taste
Name the functions of the parietal lobe
Tactile and spacial perception
Name the functions of the occipital lobe
Visual perception
What is mentalism?
a dualistic model where the mind (a nonmaterial one) directs behavior/body
What is dualism?
the mind-body problem
What is materialism?
The brain (an organ- tangible) drives behavior (another dualistic model)
What methods exist to study the brain and behaviour connections?
Animal models, human models, and imaging
Describe animal models in the relation to B&B
Darwin had ideas about evolution and the sharing of brain structures
across species. Making inferences about the human brain from studies with animals
became feasible.
Lesion studies – animal training on a function (learning or memory) and then
their brain was lesioned (cut). Their behavior was observed after the lesioning (did the animal
still remember the tasks they learned?). Is this the same pattern that we saw in brain injured
patients?
Describe human models in relation to B&B
much of what we have learned about the brain, we learned from brain
injured patients and then we observed their behavior over time (case studies). From these observations we made inferences about what the brain does. Through studying problems with the brain, we
hypothesized about non-damaged brains.
What is the functional organization of the nervous system?
Nervous system -> CNS -> brain and spinal cord -> PNS
What are the Brain’s surface features?
Gyri (bumps) and Sulci (grooves)
What are the directional terms around the brain?
Dorsal to ventral, anterior to posterier, and lateral to medial
What are the meninges?
The first layer past the skull. The main function of these layers is in their protective nature from physical dangers as well as infection (infection = meningitis)
What are the three layers of the meninges?
(from outer-most to inner-most) dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater
What are the ventricles?
The four ventricles (left lateral, right lateral, third, and fourth) are the cavities inside the brain structure filled with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF).
What is CSF and what is its function?
CSF (colorless solution of sodium, chloride, and ions) suspends the brain, acts as a shock absorber, and provides a chemically stable environment for the brain to function. absorbed in the subarachnoid layer of the meninges
Explain contralateral control and what structure(s) are associated with it
Contralateral control makes each hemisphere control the muscles on the opposing side of the body. The Pons is responsible via axons crossing over in this structure
What are lamina? Explain laminar structure.
Lamina are the neocortical layer containing different cell types. The desity in each of the 6 layers varies along with the appearance of the cells
What is the function of the ventricular system?
Circulation of CSF
Identify and locate the 8 views of the brain
Dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, sagittal, coronal
What is neuroplasticity?
The nervous system’s potential for physical or chemical change that enhances its adaptability to environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury
What is the central sulcus and where is it located?
Deepest sulcus, located in between the frontal and parietal lobes
Why does the brain look so convoluted- full of gyri and sulci?
Allows for more surface area as the structure is scrunched into the skull
What are gyri and sulci?
gyri- bumps on the brain
sulci- grooves on the brain
What is white matter? Where is it located in the brain?
Fat-sheather neural axons, located on the inner area of the cortex
What is grey matter? Where is it located in the brain?
Predominantly composed of cell bodies and blood vessels, located on the outer rim of the cortex
What is the corpus callosum? Where is it located?
What matter fibre system connecting the hemispheres, located in the forebrain
What are the nuclei in the brain?
a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system located in the brain stem and hindbrain/midbrain structures (cranial nerves)
What are cortical structures?
Lobes, hemispheres, CSF, grey and white matter
What are subcortical structures?
Structures below the cortex: Corpus callosum, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala olfactory, basal ganglia
Motor function is to (anterior or posterior) as sensory function is to (anterior or posterior)
Anterior, posterior
What names are used for the outer structure of the brain that the lobes are part of? (hint: there are three)
Cortex, neocortex, and cerebrum
What is another term for the limbic system?
Allocortex
What is another term for the allocortex?
Limbic system
What are the structures associated with the limbic system?
Amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex
What structures are associated with the allocortex?
the amygdala, hippocampus, and three layers of neurons
What does the limbic system regulate?
Emotion, sexual behavior, memory, spatial navigation, self-awareness
What is the cingulate cortex? What does it regulate?
The cingulate cortex (cingulate gyrus) sits in the cortex above the corpus callosum and regulates self-awareness, insight, attention, and consciousness
What is the basal ganglia? What does it regulate?
Subcortical structure containing the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus.
Regulates voluntary and involuntary movements/ subcortical motor function
What structures are in the diencephalon?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
What is another name for the mid-brain? What are its structures and function?
Mesencephalon- motor, audio, and visual functions. Contains tectum (roof) and tegmentum (floor)
What are the hindbrain’s structures and functions?
Regulates the most vital of body functions and survival. Contains pons, reticular formation, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum
What is the pons? What does it do?
Contained in the hindbrain above the medulla followed by the brain stem. Responsible for contralateral control which allows for sensory and motor control.
What is reticular function/reticulated activation system/RAS? Where is it located?
RAS controls the arousal of the brain and spinal cord.
Descending- motor control of spinal cord
Ascending- sensory control of spinal cord
Located in pons and medulla
Name structures associated with motor function
Cerebellum, pons, frontal lobe, basal ganglia
Name structures associated with cognitive-emotional-memory function
the frontal lobe, limbic system/allocortex, hippocampi/temporal lobe structure, and cerebellum
Which lobe is Broca’s area located in?
Frontal
Why is the medulla part of the brain rather than the spinal cord?
It is located within the skull
What two structures are located in the tectum and what do they do?
Superior colliculus (visual circuitry) and inferior colliculus (auditory circuitry)
Layers 1 through 3 of the lamina control _______ functions
Integrative
Layer 4 of the lamina controls _______ functions
Sensory input (afferent)
Layers 5 and 6 of the lamina control ______ functions
output to other parts of the brain (efferent)
