B & B Exam 2

Question 1

Intra- vs Inter- cellular

Answer 1

Within the cell vs between cells

Question 2

Axon Hillock function

Answer 2

Origin of action potential, determines excitatory/inhibitory impulses

Question 3

What are the three types of neurons?

Answer 3

Motor, sensory and interneurons

Question 4

What do MOTOR neurons do?

Answer 4

Sends signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles

Question 5

What do SENSORY neurons do?

Answer 5

Bring information to the CNS

Question 6

What do INTERNEURONS do?

Answer 6

(connects sensory and motor) Associate sensory and motor activity within the CNS
AKA association neurons

Question 7

What are the five types of glia?

Answer 7

Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Microglia
Oliodendroglia
Schwann Cells

Question 8

What do Ependymal cells do?

Answer 8

Small, ovoid; found in the walls of the ventricles; Makes and secretes CSF

Question 9

What do Astrocytes cells do?

Answer 9

• Star shaped
• Structural support for neurons
• Transport substances between neurons and capillaries (glucose) and BBB
• Scar tissue formation
• Enhancement of brain activity by providing fuel to active brain regions

Question 10

What do Microglia cells do?

Answer 10

• Originates in the blood as offshoot of immune system
• Phagocytosis scavenging of debris/dead cells
• Brain is protected because the blood-brain barrier
• prevents immune system cells from entering
• Monitor the health of brain tissue
• Identify and attack foreign tissue
• When brain cells are damaged, they invade the area to provide growth factors that aid in repair

Question 11

What do Oliodendroglia cells do?

Answer 11

In CNS, myelinates axon

Question 12

What do Schwann Cells do?

Answer 12

In PNS, myelinates axons

Question 13

What is the main purpose of the blood brain barrier?

Answer 13

• Protection system
• Adaptive wall along sides of blood vessels in the brain
  Protects from toxic chemicals, viruses, harmful substances
• Pumps nutrients from cerebral blood to and from the brain into blood
• Molecules that dissolve in fat (lipophilic) of the vessel membrane cross passively (lead)

Question 14

What are endothelial cells and what structures are composed of these cells?

Answer 14

form the walls of capillaries in the brain circulatory system; central to the BBB

Question 15

What substances can cross the blood-brain barrier passively?

Answer 15

CO2, O2, and small uncharged molecules

Question 16

What substances require active transport systems in the BBB?

Answer 16

Nutrients (glucose and amino acids) cross via active transport

Question 17

What is saltatory conduction?

Answer 17

An action potential skipping from node to node down the full length of an axon

Question 18

Polarised, hyperpolarised, depolarised

Answer 18

Resting, refractory, action

Question 19

Intracellular transmission is a chemical, electrical, or elctro-chemical process?

Answer 19

Electrochemical

Question 20

What is propagation?

Answer 20

Birth of new action potential recreated

Question 21

Voltage gradient

Answer 21

Ions with opposite charges are attracted

Question 22

Diffusion

Answer 22

High to low concentration at random

Question 23

Concentration gradient

Answer 23

Substances (Na+ or K+) move from high areas of concentration to low areas

Question 24

Sodium-potassium pump

Question 25

Function of cell body/soma

Answer 25

Contains the nucleus and integrates information

Question 26

Repairing neurons takes place…

Question 27

How many ions does the sodium-potassium pump transport?

Answer 27

Removes 3 Sodium (Na+) ions; drawns in 2 Potassium (K+) ions