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Neuropsych > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioral Neuroscience

A

The study of brain-behavior relationships, how brain function relates to thoughts, emotions and behavior.

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2
Q

Rostral-caudal axes (longitudinal, neuroaxis)

A

– Long axis of the body from nose to tail

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3
Q

*Dorsal-ventral axes

A

Perpendicular to longitudinal axis from back to front or abdomen
• “Posterior” synonymous with “dorsal”
• “Anterior” synonymous with “ventral”
• In brain, “superior” used for “dorsal”
• In brain, “inferior” used for “ventral”

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4
Q

Horizontal plane

A

Parallel to longitudinal axis from one side to the other

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5
Q

*Transverse (coronal) plane

A

Perpendicular to longitudinal axis between dorsal and ventral surfaces

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6
Q

*Sagittal plane

A

Parallel to longitudinal axis and midline
from dorsal and ventral surfaces
• Splits into left, right portions
• Midsagittal – Midline, divides into symmetrical halves
• Parasagittal – Off the midline to the side

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7
Q

Anterior

A

Located near or toward the front of the head

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8
Q

Caudal

A

Located near or toward the tail

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9
Q

Dorsal

A

On or toward the back or, in reference to brain nuclei located above

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10
Q

Frontal

A

“of the front” or, in reference to brain sections, a viewing orientation from the front

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11
Q

Inferior

A

Located below

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12
Q

Lateral

A

Toward the side of the body

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13
Q

Medial

A

Toward the middle; sometimes written as mesial

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14
Q

Posterior

A

Located near or toward the tail

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15
Q

Rostral

A

“Toward the beak”; located toward the front

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16
Q

Superior

A

Located above

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17
Q

Ventral

A

On or toward the belly or side of the animal in which the belly is located or, in reference to brain nuclei, located below

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18
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On same side

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19
Q

Contralateral

A

On opposite side

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20
Q

*Afferent

A

Information coming into brain or part of brain (e.g., step on a tack).

21
Q

*Efferent

A

Information leaving brain or part of brain (e.g., lift your foot).

22
Q

*Locus coeruleus

A

A nucleus in the pons (part of the brainstem) involved with physiological responses to stress and panic:
• Projects to entire cortex, releases norepinephrine (NE)
• Activates cortex for alertness, responding to novel stimuli, responding to stressful stimuli (especially fear)
• At times, produces positive feelings of reward, helps maintain emotional tone, inhibits pain

23
Q

*Raphe nuclei

A

• Main function is to release serotonin to the rest of the brain
• Located from medulla through midbrain
• Project to many areas of brain and release
serotonin (5-HT):
• Mood (depressive disorders)
• Anxiety disorders

24
Q

The Brainstem consists of:

A
  • hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon
  • The brainstem receives afferent nerves coming in from all of the body’s senses, and it sends efferent nerves out to the spinal cord to control virtually all of the body’s movements except the most complex movements of the fingers and toes.

*The shapes and relative sizes of the brainstem’s
parts can be imagined as analogous
as to your fist, wrist, and forearm.

25
Q

*Reticular activating system (RAS)

A

• Responsible for regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions.
• Also called reticular formation
• Injury leads to problems with arousal,
alertness and even coma.
*If a person is in a coma it’s always always damage to the RAS

26
Q

Pons

A

• A bridge between cerebellum & rest of brain

27
Q

*Substantia nigra (“black substance”)

A

Brain structure located in the mesencephalon (midbrain) that plays an important role in reward, addiction, and movement.

-Animals showed that if the substantia nigra
was killed experimentally, the animals showed symptoms remarkably similar to those in human Parkinson’s patients, including tremors, muscular rigidity, and a reduction in voluntary movement.

• Origin of DA (dopaminergic) pathway primarily
to striatum of the basal ganglia (nigrostriatal pathway)
• Parkinson’s disease occurs when 90% of DA cells die here.

28
Q

*Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A

Origin of dopaminergic neurons that project to:

  • Need to know: VTA has dompaminergic neurons that go to 2 places -
    1) MESOLIMBIC PATHWAY
    2) MESOCORTICAL PATHWAY
29
Q

MESOLIMBIC PATHWAY

A

• Limbic system, including nucleus accumbens
(mesolimbic pathway)
• Reward system
• Psychosis when hyperactive

30
Q

MESOCORTICAL PATHWAY

A

• Helps to promote optimal attention, cognition, positive mood”

  • hyper fx in mesocortical pathways is involved in ADHD
  • but hypoactive = neg sxs of schizophrenia
31
Q

*Cerebellum

A

Subconscious control of complex movements,
posture, muscle tone, gait, visuomotor coordination; in the hindbrain.

• May have role in fluency of ideas, perceptions
- Prepares neural systems so that they are timed
properly & are faster.
- Lesions may disrupt selective attention,
visuospatial abilities, memory & habit formation,
executive functioning (e.g., abstract reasoning,
verbal fluency & word generation, planning, time
judgment), and emotional modulation

32
Q

*Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - Advantages

A
  • Excellent spatial resolution & contrast

* No exposure to x-rays or radioisotopes

33
Q

*Ataxia

A

Loss of coordination, balance caused by cerebellar dysfunction, alcohol intoxication and as side effect of some drugs”

34
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

• Measures graded potentials on dendrites

35
Q

Quantitative Electroencephalogram (qEEG)

A

Data is quantified, compared statistically to age appropriate normative database

36
Q

*Event-Related Potentials (ERP)

A

• Brief changes in EEG in response to a discrete
sensory stimulus
• Repeated stimulation with averaging allows for
pattern identification and canceling out of unrelated activity.

37
Q

Magnetoencephalograpy (MEG)

A

• Magnetic fields created surrounding electrical
currents
• Much better resolution than EEG or QEEG due to less distortion
• Better source localization
• More expensive than EEG or QEEG
• Only used in research currently; are only a few
machines

38
Q

*Neuroplasticity

A

The nervous system’s potential for physical or chemical change that enhances its adaptability to environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury.

39
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - Disadvantages

A
  • Pts w/ ferromagnetic materials in body cannot be imaged.

* Hard for pts w/ claustrophobia

40
Q

Spectroscopic MRI

A

• Can image chemical composition of brain

41
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A
  • Oxygen or glucose (flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) are labeled, and uptake in tissues is measured.
  • PET image is usually superimposed on MRI image for better spatial resolution.
42
Q

PET Advantages

A

Measures function; used extensively in research
• Useful for diagnosing early neurodegenerative
diseases

43
Q

PET Disadvantages

A
  • must be near a cyclotron, but these are more common and less expensive currently.
44
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A
  • Measures changes in blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal – a differential measure of oxyhemoglobin vs deoxyhemoglobin after O2 has been used by active cells
  • More active metabolism causes greater signal.
45
Q

Single-Proton Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

A

Advantage
• Less expensive (contrast agent readily available) and useful for finding source of seizure onset

Disadvantage
• Poorer resolution than PET
• Some databases are proprietary

46
Q

Hindbrain

A
  • Controls various motor functions ranging from breathing to balance to fine movements, such as those used in dancing.
  • Its most distinctive structure, and one of the largest structures of the human brain, is the cerebellum.

-Evolutionarily the oldest part of the brain; contains the pons, medulla, reticular formation, and cerebellum, structures that coordinate and control most voluntary and involuntary movements.

47
Q

Cerebellum consists of:

A
  • reticular formation, pons, and the medulla

- The pons and medulla contain substructures that control many vital movements of the body.

48
Q

Midbrain

A

Central part of the brain that contains neural circuits for hearing and seeing as well as orienting movements.

49
Q

*Functions of the brainstem

A
  • consciousness & awareness, respiratory, cardio, reflexes, smooth movements

Neuropsych (5 decks)

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