Quicksheets PSY/SOC Flashcards
1
Q
efferent neurons
A
motor neurons
2
Q
afferent neurons
A
sensory neurons
3
Q
rest and digest
A
parasympathetic
4
Q
fight or flight
A
sympathetic
5
Q
hindbrain includes the 3
A
cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation
6
Q
Midbrain includes (2)
A
inferior and superior colliculus
7
Q
forebrain includes the 5
A
thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex
thal, hypo, BG, lym, cerebral
8
Q
relay station sensory information
A
thalamus
9
Q
homeostasis and endocrine system
A
hypothalamus
10
Q
the hypophyses portal system is part of the _____ and connects the ____ to the ____
A
the hypophyses portal system is part of the hypothalamus and connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
11
Q
Movements and posture
A
basal ganglia
12
Q
emotion and memory
A
limbic system
13
Q
septal nuclei
A
pleasure seeking
14
Q
amygdala
A
fear and aggression
15
Q
hippocampus
A
memory
16
Q
fornix
A
communication w/ limbic system
17
Q
frontal lobe function
A
executive, impulse control, long-term planning (prefrontal cortex), motor function (primary motor cortex), speech production (Broca’s area)
18
Q
Parietal lobe functions (5)
A
touch, pressure, temp, pain (somatosensory cortex); spatial processing
TTPPSS
19
Q
occipital lobe functions
A
visual processing
20
Q
temporal lobe functions (4)
A
Sound processing (auditory cortex), speech perception (Wernicke’s area), memory, and emotion (limbic system)
Auditory cortex, wernicke’s, limbic
21
Q
acetylcholine functions 5
A
Voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, alertness
Vol Muscle; PNS; Attend + Alert
too much = depression
too little in hippocampus = dementia
22
Q
Epinephrine and norepinephrine functions (3)
A
Fight-or-flight responses, wakefulness, alertness
23
Q
Dopamine functions (2)
A
Smooth movements, postural stability
too much = schizophrenia
too little = parkinsons
24
Q
Serotonin functions (4)
A
Mood, sleep, eating, dreaming
too little = depression, anxiety, OCD
25
gABA, glycine function(s)
brain stabilization
too little = anxiety
26
glutamate functions
brain excitation
27
endorphins are the...
natural pain killers
28
conversion of physical stimuli into neurological signals is known as
Sensation
29
the processing of sensory information to make sense of its significance is known as
perception
30
Weber's law
the just-noticeable difference for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, and this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli
31
Signal detection theory
studies the effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectations, on perception of stimuli
32
Visual pathway
retina--\> optic nerve --\> optic chiasm--\> optic tracts--\>lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus--\> visual radiations--\> visual cortex
33
cochlea
detects sound
34
Utricle and saccule
detects linear acceleration
35
semicircular canals
detects rotational acceleration
36
Auditory pathway
cochlea --\> vestibulochochlear nerve --\> medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of thalamus --\> auditory cortex
37
somatosensation
four touch modalities (pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature)
38
Proprioception
Kinesthetic sense; ability to tell where one's body is in space
39
Bottom-up (data-driven) processing
recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection. Slower, but less prone to mistakes
40
top-down (conceptually-driven) processing
recognition of an object by memories and expectations, with little attention to detail. Faster, but more prone to mistakes
41
gestalt principles
ways that the brain can infer missing parts of an image when it is incomplete
42
operant conditioning:
the frequency of a behavior is modified using reinforcement (increases behavior) or punishment (decreases behavior)
43
positive reinforcement
Stimulus added and behavior continues
44
Negative reinforcement
stimulus removed and behavior continues
45
Positive punishment
stimulus added and behavior stops
46
Negative punishment
stimulus removed and behavior stops
47
parasomnias
odd behaviors during sleep like night terrors and sleepwalking
48
Stages of sleep stage--EEG Waves--Features AWAKE
Beta and alpha waves - Able to perceive, process, access, and express information
49
Stages of sleep: stage 1
theta waves; light sleep
50
Stages of sleep: Stage 2
theta; sleep spindle sand K complexes
51
Stages of sleep: stage 3/4
Delta; Slow-wave sleep; dreams; declarative memory consolidation; some sleep disorders
52
Stages of sleep: REM
Mostly beta -- Appears awake physiologically; dreams; paralyzed; procedural memory consolidation; some sleep disorders
53
Sleep disorders occur in stage(s) ____ of sleep
3/4 and rem
54
Drug addiction is mediated by the
mesolimbic pathway
55
mesolimbic pathway includes the
nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area
56
Main neurotransmitter of the mesolithic pathway
dopamine
57
Piaget's stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor stage
manipulate environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions; object permanence ends
58
Piaget's stages of cognitive development: Preoperational stage
symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration
59
Piaget's stages of cognitive development: concrete operational stage
understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical objects
60
Piaget's stages of cognitive development: formal operational stage
abstract thoughts and problem-solving
61
Language comprehension and damage
Wernicke's area; damage here results in nonsensical aphasia, lack comprehension, fluent
62
speech production and damage
Broca's area; damage here results in confluent aphasia
63
Connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas; damage here causes...
Arcurate fasiculus; damage results in conduction aphasia
64
Conduction aphasia
inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension
65
procedural memory
skills, tasks; falls under implicit memory (unconscious)
66
declarative memory
includes facts and events, falls under explicit memory (conscious)
67
types of declarative memory
episodic (events, experiences) semantic (facts, concepts)
68
instinct theory
innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli
69
Yerkes--Dodson law
optimal level of arousal for a given task
70
drive reduction theory
individuals act to relieve internal states of tension
71
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, self esteem, self actualization
72
James-Lange theory of emotion
1st: nervous system arousal
2nd: conscious emotion
73
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
1st: nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
2nd: action
74
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
1st: nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
2nd: Conscious emotion
75
general adaptation syndrome stages
alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
76
Locus of control
self evaluation; how we characterize the influences in our lives
77
Positive symptoms include
hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thoughts and behavior
78
Negative symptoms
disturbance of affect and avolition
79
Cyclothymic disorder
hypomanic episodes w/ dysthymia
80
Dysthymia
persistent mild depression
81
Bipolar I vs. Bipolar II
bipolar I has manic episode while II has both hypomanic and depressive
82
Dissociative amnesi
inability to recall past experience
83
dissociative fugue
sudden change in location can involve the assumption of a new identity
84
Freud's stages of psychosexual developement
libido tensions; failure leads to fixation
85
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
conflicts from decisions we are forced to make about ourselves and the environment around us at each phase of our life Trust vs. mistrust autonomy vs. shame and doubt initiative vs. guilt industry vs. inferiority identity vs. role confusion intimacy vs. isolation generativity vs. stagnation integrity vs. despair
86
Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning development
moral delimas preconventional, conventional, and postconventional phases
87
theory for the Development of language, culture, and skills
Vygostsky's theory
88
Psychoanalytic perspective
personality results form unconscious urges and desires Freud, Jung
89
Carl Jung
collective unconscious, archetypes
90
Freud
id, superego, ego
91
Humanistic perspective
Internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization; Maslow and rogers
92
Unconditional positive regard
Carl Rogers
93
Trait theorists' big five traits
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN)
94
Eysenck's three major traits:
psychotics, extraversion, neuroticism
95
Allport's three basic types of traits:
cardinal, central, secondary
96
Somatic symptom disorder
at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern
97
Illness anxiety disorder
preoccupation with having or coming down with a serious medical condition
98
conversion disorder
unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function
99
Cluster A personality disorders
odd, eccentric, weird--paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid
100
cluster b personality disorders
dramatic, emotional, erratic, wild; antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
101
Cluster C personality disorders
Anxious, fearful, "worried"; avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
102
William Sheldon
personalities are based on body types called somatotypes (short people are jolly, tall people are high-strung)
103
Type A personality
competitive and impulsive
104
type b personality
laid back and relaxed
105
Myer's-Briggs
classic personality test; each of Jung’s three dichotomies, plus judging (J, preferring orderliness) vs perceiving (P, preferring spontaneity) is labeled as a specific personality type
106
social facilitation
tendency to perform at a different level (better or worse) when others are around
107
Deindividuation
loss of self-awareness in large groups; can lead to drastic changes in behavior
108
Bystander effect
in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need
109
Group polarization
tendency towards making decisions in a. group that are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members
110
Groupthink
tendency to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group w/o considering outside ideas
111
assimilation
one culture begins to melt into another
112
multiculturalism
encouragement of multiple cultures w/in a community to enhance diversity
113
subculture
a group that distinguishes itself from the primary culture to which it belongs
114
Socialization
the process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
115
Norms
boundaries of acceptable behavior w/in society
116
Ascribed status
involutnarily assigned
117
achieved status
voluntarily earned
118
master status
primary identity
119
observable pattern of social relationships b/t individuals or groups
network
120
unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion
display rules
121
maintenance of a public image through various strategies
impression management
122
individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience
dramaturgical approach
123
set of beliefs, values, and norms that define the expectations of a certain status
role
124
Attribution theory
focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior
125
causes relate to the features of the person who is being considered
dispositional (internal)
126
Correspondent inference theory
describes attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person
127
fundamental attribution error
bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions
128
stereotype threat
a feeling of anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype
129
the practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture
Ethnocentrism
130
Cultural relativism
studying social groups and cultures on their own terms
131
Focuses ont eh function and relationships of each component of society
functionalism
132
focuses on how power differentials are created and how they maintain order
conflict theory
133
Study of how individuals interact through a shared understanding of words gestures, and other symbols
symbolic interactionism
134
Explores how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality
social contructionism
135
demographic transition
model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization
136
incidence equation
new cases/population at risk (per time)
137
prevalence
of cases (new or old)/total population (per time)
138
the burden or degree of illness associated w/ a given disease
morbidity
139
social reproduction
the passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, to other generations
140
Norepinephrine (2)
eating, alertness
too little = depression
excess = schizophrenia
141
Epinephrine (2)
energy + glucose metabolism
too little = depression
