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Kaplan mcat flashcards > Quicksheets PSY/SOC > Flashcards

Quicksheets PSY/SOC Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor neurons

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2
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons

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3
Q

rest and digest

A

parasympathetic

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4
Q

fight or flight

A

sympathetic

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5
Q

hindbrain includes the 3

A

cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation

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6
Q

Midbrain includes (2)

A

inferior and superior colliculus

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7
Q

forebrain includes the 5

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex

thal, hypo, BG, lym, cerebral

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8
Q

relay station sensory information

A

thalamus

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9
Q

homeostasis and endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

the hypophyses portal system is part of the _____ and connects the ____ to the ____

A

the hypophyses portal system is part of the hypothalamus and connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

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11
Q

Movements and posture

A

basal ganglia

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12
Q

emotion and memory

A

limbic system

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13
Q

septal nuclei

A

pleasure seeking

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14
Q

amygdala

A

fear and aggression

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15
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

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16
Q

fornix

A

communication w/ limbic system

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17
Q

frontal lobe function

A

executive, impulse control, long-term planning (prefrontal cortex), motor function (primary motor cortex), speech production (Broca’s area)

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18
Q

Parietal lobe functions (5)

A

touch, pressure, temp, pain (somatosensory cortex); spatial processing

TTPPSS

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19
Q

occipital lobe functions

A

visual processing

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20
Q

temporal lobe functions (4)

A

Sound processing (auditory cortex), speech perception (Wernicke’s area), memory, and emotion (limbic system)

Auditory cortex, wernicke’s, limbic

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21
Q

acetylcholine functions 5

A

Voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, alertness

Vol Muscle; PNS; Attend + Alert

too much = depression

too little in hippocampus = dementia

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22
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine functions (3)

A

Fight-or-flight responses, wakefulness, alertness

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23
Q

Dopamine functions (2)

A

Smooth movements, postural stability

too much = schizophrenia

too little = parkinsons

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24
Q

Serotonin functions (4)

A

Mood, sleep, eating, dreaming

too little = depression, anxiety, OCD

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25
Q

gABA, glycine function(s)

A

brain stabilization

too little = anxiety

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26
Q

glutamate functions

A

brain excitation

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27
Q

endorphins are the…

A

natural pain killers

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28
Q

conversion of physical stimuli into neurological signals is known as

A

Sensation

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29
Q

the processing of sensory information to make sense of its significance is known as

A

perception

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30
Q

Weber’s law

A

the just-noticeable difference for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, and this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli

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31
Q

Signal detection theory

A

studies the effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectations, on perception of stimuli

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32
Q

Visual pathway

A

retina–> optic nerve –> optic chiasm–> optic tracts–>lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus–> visual radiations–> visual cortex

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33
Q

cochlea

A

detects sound

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34
Q

Utricle and saccule

A

detects linear acceleration

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35
Q

semicircular canals

A

detects rotational acceleration

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36
Q

Auditory pathway

A

cochlea –> vestibulochochlear nerve –> medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of thalamus –> auditory cortex

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37
Q

somatosensation

A

four touch modalities (pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature)

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38
Q

Proprioception

A

Kinesthetic sense; ability to tell where one’s body is in space

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39
Q

Bottom-up (data-driven) processing

A

recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection. Slower, but less prone to mistakes

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40
Q

top-down (conceptually-driven) processing

A

recognition of an object by memories and expectations, with little attention to detail. Faster, but more prone to mistakes

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41
Q

gestalt principles

A

ways that the brain can infer missing parts of an image when it is incomplete

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42
Q

operant conditioning:

A

the frequency of a behavior is modified using reinforcement (increases behavior) or punishment (decreases behavior)

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43
Q

positive reinforcement

A

Stimulus added and behavior continues

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44
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

stimulus removed and behavior continues

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45
Q

Positive punishment

A

stimulus added and behavior stops

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46
Q

Negative punishment

A

stimulus removed and behavior stops

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47
Q

parasomnias

A

odd behaviors during sleep like night terrors and sleepwalking

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48
Q

Stages of sleep stage–EEG Waves–Features AWAKE

A

Beta and alpha waves - Able to perceive, process, access, and express information

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49
Q

Stages of sleep: stage 1

A

theta waves; light sleep

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50
Q

Stages of sleep: Stage 2

A

theta; sleep spindle sand K complexes

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51
Q

Stages of sleep: stage 3/4

A

Delta; Slow-wave sleep; dreams; declarative memory consolidation; some sleep disorders

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52
Q

Stages of sleep: REM

A

Mostly beta – Appears awake physiologically; dreams; paralyzed; procedural memory consolidation; some sleep disorders

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53
Q

Sleep disorders occur in stage(s) ____ of sleep

A

3/4 and rem

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54
Q

Drug addiction is mediated by the

A

mesolimbic pathway

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55
Q

mesolimbic pathway includes the

A

nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area

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56
Q

Main neurotransmitter of the mesolithic pathway

A

dopamine

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57
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor stage

A

manipulate environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions; object permanence ends

58
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development: Preoperational stage

A

symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration

59
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development: concrete operational stage

A

understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical objects

60
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development: formal operational stage

A

abstract thoughts and problem-solving

61
Q

Language comprehension and damage

A

Wernicke’s area; damage here results in nonsensical aphasia, lack comprehension, fluent

62
Q

speech production and damage

A

Broca’s area; damage here results in confluent aphasia

63
Q

Connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas; damage here causes…

A

Arcurate fasiculus; damage results in conduction aphasia

64
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension

65
Q

procedural memory

A

skills, tasks; falls under implicit memory (unconscious)

66
Q

declarative memory

A

includes facts and events, falls under explicit memory (conscious)

67
Q

types of declarative memory

A

episodic (events, experiences) semantic (facts, concepts)

68
Q

instinct theory

A

innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli

69
Q

Yerkes–Dodson law

A

optimal level of arousal for a given task

70
Q

drive reduction theory

A

individuals act to relieve internal states of tension

71
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, self esteem, self actualization

72
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

1st: nervous system arousal
2nd: conscious emotion

73
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

1st: nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
2nd: action

74
Q

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

A

1st: nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
2nd: Conscious emotion

75
Q

general adaptation syndrome stages

A

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

76
Q

Locus of control

A

self evaluation; how we characterize the influences in our lives

77
Q

Positive symptoms include

A

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thoughts and behavior

78
Q

Negative symptoms

A

disturbance of affect and avolition

79
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

hypomanic episodes w/ dysthymia

80
Q

Dysthymia

A

persistent mild depression

81
Q

Bipolar I vs. Bipolar II

A

bipolar I has manic episode while II has both hypomanic and depressive

82
Q

Dissociative amnesi

A

inability to recall past experience

83
Q

dissociative fugue

A

sudden change in location can involve the assumption of a new identity

84
Q

Freud’s stages of psychosexual developement

A

libido tensions; failure leads to fixation

85
Q

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

A

conflicts from decisions we are forced to make about ourselves and the environment around us at each phase of our life Trust vs. mistrust autonomy vs. shame and doubt initiative vs. guilt industry vs. inferiority identity vs. role confusion intimacy vs. isolation generativity vs. stagnation integrity vs. despair

86
Q

Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning development

A

moral delimas preconventional, conventional, and postconventional phases

87
Q

theory for the Development of language, culture, and skills

A

Vygostsky’s theory

88
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective

A

personality results form unconscious urges and desires Freud, Jung

89
Q

Carl Jung

A

collective unconscious, archetypes

90
Q

Freud

A

id, superego, ego

91
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

Internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization; Maslow and rogers

92
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Carl Rogers

93
Q

Trait theorists’ big five traits

A

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN)

94
Q

Eysenck’s three major traits:

A

psychotics, extraversion, neuroticism

95
Q

Allport’s three basic types of traits:

A

cardinal, central, secondary

96
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern

97
Q

Illness anxiety disorder

A

preoccupation with having or coming down with a serious medical condition

98
Q

conversion disorder

A

unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function

99
Q

Cluster A personality disorders

A

odd, eccentric, weird–paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid

100
Q

cluster b personality disorders

A

dramatic, emotional, erratic, wild; antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

101
Q

Cluster C personality disorders

A

Anxious, fearful, “worried”; avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

102
Q

William Sheldon

A

personalities are based on body types called somatotypes (short people are jolly, tall people are high-strung)

103
Q

Type A personality

A

competitive and impulsive

104
Q

type b personality

A

laid back and relaxed

105
Q

Myer’s-Briggs

A

classic personality test; each of Jung’s three dichotomies, plus judging (J, preferring orderliness) vs perceiving (P, preferring spontaneity) is labeled as a specific personality type

106
Q

social facilitation

A

tendency to perform at a different level (better or worse) when others are around

107
Q

Deindividuation

A

loss of self-awareness in large groups; can lead to drastic changes in behavior

108
Q

Bystander effect

A

in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

109
Q

Group polarization

A

tendency towards making decisions in a. group that are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members

110
Q

Groupthink

A

tendency to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group w/o considering outside ideas

111
Q

assimilation

A

one culture begins to melt into another

112
Q

multiculturalism

A

encouragement of multiple cultures w/in a community to enhance diversity

113
Q

subculture

A

a group that distinguishes itself from the primary culture to which it belongs

114
Q

Socialization

A

the process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

115
Q

Norms

A

boundaries of acceptable behavior w/in society

116
Q

Ascribed status

A

involutnarily assigned

117
Q

achieved status

A

voluntarily earned

118
Q

master status

A

primary identity

119
Q

observable pattern of social relationships b/t individuals or groups

A

network

120
Q

unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion

A

display rules

121
Q

maintenance of a public image through various strategies

A

impression management

122
Q

individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience

A

dramaturgical approach

123
Q

set of beliefs, values, and norms that define the expectations of a certain status

A

role

124
Q

Attribution theory

A

focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior

125
Q

causes relate to the features of the person who is being considered

A

dispositional (internal)

126
Q

Correspondent inference theory

A

describes attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person

127
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions

128
Q

stereotype threat

A

a feeling of anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype

129
Q

the practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture

A

Ethnocentrism

130
Q

Cultural relativism

A

studying social groups and cultures on their own terms

131
Q

Focuses ont eh function and relationships of each component of society

A

functionalism

132
Q

focuses on how power differentials are created and how they maintain order

A

conflict theory

133
Q

Study of how individuals interact through a shared understanding of words gestures, and other symbols

A

symbolic interactionism

134
Q

Explores how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

A

social contructionism

135
Q

demographic transition

A

model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization

136
Q

incidence equation

A

new cases/population at risk (per time)

137
Q

prevalence

A

of cases (new or old)/total population (per time)

138
Q

the burden or degree of illness associated w/ a given disease

A

morbidity

139
Q

social reproduction

A

the passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, to other generations

140
Q

Norepinephrine (2)

A

eating, alertness

too little = depression

excess = schizophrenia

141
Q

Epinephrine (2)

A

energy + glucose metabolism

too little = depression

Kaplan mcat flashcards (8 decks)

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