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Kaplan mcat flashcards > High Yield > Flashcards

High Yield Flashcards

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1
Q

polar (hydrophilic) amino acids

A

threonine, serine, cysteine, asparagine, tyrosine, glutamine

PolariThree serene sisters aspire to tyranny and gluttony

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2
Q

Negatively charged (acidic) side chains

A

aspartic acid (aspartate) and glutamic acid (glutamate)

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3
Q

Positively charged (basic) Side chains

A

arginine, lysine, histidine

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4
Q

Nonpolar Hydrophobic amino acids

A

G, L, A, V, I, M, P, W

GWAIL-VMP

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5
Q

ectoderm

A

Nervous system, epidermis, lens of eye, inner ear, adrenal medulla, pineal and pituitary glands epithelia; neural crest

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6
Q

endoderm

A

Lining of digestive tract, lungs, liver and pancreas, urethra, urinary bladder, reproductive system; thymus, thyroid and parathyroid glands

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7
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, gonads, kidney; notochord, adrenal cortex

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8
Q

Aldosterone

  • effect on Na+, K+ H+, and H2O
  • secreted by
  • is regulated by
  • triggered by … in the
  • what kind of hormone is it?
A

Aldosterone:

  • stimulates Na+ reabsorption, K+ and H+ secretion,
  • increases water reabsorption, blood volume, and blood pressure
  • secreted by adrenal cortex
  • regulated by the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system

Steroid hormone

Triggered by low blood volume in the afferent arteriole

Increaes Na+-K+ pump activity

Increases blood volume

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9
Q

ADH (Vasopressin)

  • function
  • affect on H2O
  • secreted from where and in response to what?
  • what kind of hormone is it?
A

Increases collecting duct’s permeability to water to increase water reabsorption

• Is secreted from posterior pituitary with high [solute] in the blood

Peptide hormone

triggered by high plasma osmolarity

Opens aquaporins; reduces plasma osmolarity

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10
Q

James Lange

A

stimulus -> nervous system arousal -> conscious emotion

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11
Q

cannon bard

A

stimulus -> nervous system arousal + conscious emotion -> action

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12
Q

Scachter-singer

A

stimulus -> nervous system arousal + cognitive appraisal -> conscious emotion

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13
Q

TRP operon

A

is repressible (normally on, but can be turned off)

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14
Q

impact on Km- mixed

A

increases = prefer enzyme decreases = prefer complex

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15
Q

sucrose is also known as

A

glucose-α-1,2-fructose

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16
Q

lactose is also known as

A

galactose-β-1,4-glucose

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17
Q

maltose is also known as

A

glucose-α-1,4 glucose

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18
Q

Euchromatin

A

less dense, transcriptionally active dNA

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19
Q

Central dogma

A

DNA -> RNA -> proteins

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20
Q

Explain the difference between primary and secondary active transport

A

primary uses ATP while secondary uses existing ion gradients

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21
Q

rate limiting step of glycolysis

A

PFK1

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22
Q

location of TCA

A

mitochondrial matrix

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23
Q

ETC takes place in the…

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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24
Q

pentose phosphate pathway occurs in the…. generates.. rate limiting step… activated by… inhibited by…

A

Pentose phosphate pathway: - occurs in the cytoplasm - generates NADPH and sugars - Rate limiting enzyme is G6PD - activated by NADP+ and insulin - Inhibited by NADPH

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25
Q

Fatty acid oxidation occurs in the…

A

fatty acid oxidation occurs in the mitochondria; following transport by the carnitine shuttle, via β-oxidation

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26
Q

All aminoa cids have S configuration except for

A

cysteine

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27
Q

Nonpolar, nonaromatic amino acids include

A

G, L, A, M, V, I, P

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28
Q

Positively charged amino acids include

A

R, K, H

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29
Q

Negatively chaged amino acids

A

D, E

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30
Q

polar amino acids

A

S, T, Y, C, N, Q

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31
Q
A

D-fructose

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32
Q
A

D-glucose

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33
Q
A

D-galactose

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34
Q
A

D-mannose

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35
Q

Stage: sensorimotor

Age:
What Happens:

A

Stage: sensorimotor

Age: 0-2
What Happens: circular rxns; object permanence

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36
Q

Stage: Preoperational

Age:

What Happens:

A

Stage: Preoperational

Age: 2-7

What Happens: symbolic thinking, imagination, egocentrism, centration (focus on only one aspect), inability to understand conservation; assimilation–classifying new info into existing schema

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37
Q

Stage: Concrete operational

Age:

What Happens:

A

Stage: Concrete operational

Age: 7-11

What Happens: can understand conversation and consider the perspective of others; logical thinking; accommodation–existing schemata are modified to encompass new info

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38
Q

Stage: formal operational

Age:

What Happens:

A

Stage: formal operational

Age: 11+

What Happens: abstract thinking; reasoning and problem solving

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39
Q

Freud’s oral stage age

A

0-1 yrs

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40
Q

Freud’s anal stage age

A

1-3 yrs

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41
Q

Freud’s phallic/oedipal stage age

A

3-5 yrs

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42
Q

Freud’s latency stage age

A

5-puberty

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43
Q

Freud’s genital stage age

A

puberty-adulthood

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44
Q

Erikson’s stages:

trust vs. mistrust

age:

Gist:

A

Erikson’s stages:

trust vs. mistrust

age: 0-1 yrs

Gist: trust environment and self or remain suspicious

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45
Q

Erikson’s stages:

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

age:

Gist:

A

Erikson’s stages:

autonomy vs shame and doubt

age: 1-3 yrs

Gist: whether or not they feel like they can control stuff

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46
Q

Erikson’s stages:

Initiative vs. guilt

age:

Gist:

A

Erikson’s stages:

Initiative vs. guilt

age: 3-6yrs

Gist: sense of purpose and ability to initiate activities and enjoy accomplishments or unduly self restriction and overcompensation

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47
Q

Erikson’s stages:

Industry vs. inferiority

Age:

Gist:

A

Erikson’s stages:

Industry vs. inferiority

Age: 6-12

Gist: competency vs. inadequacy

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48
Q

Erikson’s stages:

Identity vs. role confusion

Age:

Gist:

A

Erikson’s stages:

Identity vs. role confusion

Age: 12-20

Gist: can see self as unique and integrated with sustained loyalities vs. amorphous personality

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49
Q

Erikson’s stages:

Intimacy vs. isolation

Age:

Gist:

A

Erikson’s stages:

Intimacy vs. isolation

Age: 20-40 yrs

Gist: intimate relationships or commitment issues

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50
Q

Erikson’s stages:

Generativity vs stagnation

Age:

Gist:

A

Erikson’s stages:

Generativity vs stagnation

Age: 40-65 yrs

Gist: make life count or be selfish and bored

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51
Q

Erikson’s stages:

Integrity vs. despair

Age:

Gist:

A

Erikson’s stages:

Integrity vs. despair

Age: 65+

Gist: wisdom and readiness to face death vs. fear of death and feelings of worthlessness/bitterness

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52
Q

highest estradiol phase

A

follicular

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53
Q

highest level of LH and FSH occurs at…

A

ovulation

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54
Q

Progesterone is highest in the … phase

A

luteal phase

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55
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

Nervous system

A

ectoderm

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56
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

epidermis

A

ectoderm

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57
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

lens of eye

A

ectoderm

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58
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

inner ear

A

ectoderm

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59
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

adrenal medulla

A

ectoderm

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60
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

pineal gland

A

ectoderm

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61
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

pituitary gland

A

ectoderm

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62
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: epithelia

A

ectoderm

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63
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

neural crest

A

ectoderm

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64
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

lining of digestive tract

A

endoderm

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65
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

lining of lungs

A

endoderm

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66
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

lining of the pancreas

A

endoderm

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67
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

urethra

A

endoderm

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68
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

urinary bladder

A

endoderm

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69
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

reproductive system

A

endoderm

70
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

thymus

A

endoderm

71
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

thyroid

A

endoderm

72
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

parathyroid glands

A

endoderm

73
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

muscles

A

mesoderm

74
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

skeleton

A

mesoderm

75
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

circulatory system

A

mesoderm

76
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

gonads

A

mesoderm

77
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

kidney

A

mesoderm

78
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

notochord

A

mesoderm

79
Q

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm:

adrenal cortex

A

mesoderm

80
Q

Erikson stage- whether able to trust environment or be suspicious of the world

A

trust vs. mistrust (0-1 yrs)

81
Q

Erikson stage- able to exert control over self and world vs. sense of doubt and persistent external locus of control

A

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

1-3 yrs

82
Q

Erikson stage- sense of purpose and abilitly to initiate activities and enjoy accomplishment vs. restrict onself and overcompensate

A

Initiative vs. guilt

3-6 yrs

83
Q

Erikson stage- able to feel competent and exercise abilities vs. feeligns of inadequacy and low self-esteem

A

industry vs. inferiority

6-12 yrs

84
Q

Erikson stage- ability to see onself as unique and integrated person with sustained loyalties vs. amorphous personality

A

identity vs. role confusion

12-20 yrs

85
Q

Erikson stage- love; ability to have intimate relationships and commitment vs. alienation and avoidance

A

intimacy vs. isolation

20-40 yrs

86
Q

Erikson stage- capable of being a productive, caring, and contributing member vs. self-indulgent, bored, selfish and self-centered

A

Generativity vs. stagnation

40-65 yrs

87
Q

Erikson stage- wisdom, readiness to face death vs. worthless/bitterness about death

A

integrity vs. despair

65+

88
Q

stage for circular reactions

A

sensorimotor

0-2 yrs

89
Q

stage for object permanence

A

sensorimotor

90
Q

imagination and symbolic thinking stage

A

preoperational

2-7 yrs

91
Q

egocentrism stage

A

preoperational

2-7 yrs

92
Q

centration stage (focusing on only one aspect)

A

preoperational

2-7 yrs

93
Q

assimilation stage

A

preoperational

2-7 yrs

assimilation = classifying new info into existing schemata

94
Q

children can understand the conversation and consider the perspective of others

A

Concrete operational

7-11 yrs

95
Q

logical thinking stage

A

Concrete operational

7-11 yrs

96
Q

accommodation stage

A

accommodation = exising schemata are modified to encompass new info

Concrete operational

7-11 yrs

97
Q

abstract thinking stage

A

formal operational

11+

98
Q

reason and problem solving stage

A

formal operational

11+

99
Q

Polar uncharged amino acids

A

serine

threonine

asparagine

glutamine

cysteine

tyrosine

(STYCNQ)

100
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

alanine

A

Ala, A

101
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Arginine

A

Arg/R

102
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Asparagine

A

Asn/N

103
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Aspartic acid

A

Asp/D

104
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Cysteine

A

Cys/C

105
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Glutamic acid

A

Glu/E

106
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Glutamine

A

Gln/Q

107
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Glycine

A

Gly/G

108
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Histidine

A

His/H

109
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Isoleucine

A

Ile/I

110
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Leucine

A

Leu/L

111
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Lysine

A

Lys/K

112
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Methionine

A

Met/M

113
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Phenylalanine

A

Phe/F

114
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Proline

A

Pro/P

115
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Serine

A

Ser/S

116
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Threonine

A

Thr

T

117
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Tryptophan

A

Trp/W

118
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Tyrosine

A

Tyr/Y

119
Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for:

Valine

A

Val/V

120
Q

Hydrophobic nonaromatic amino acids

A

VAMPGIL

121
Q
A

Valine

122
Q
A

Leucine

123
Q
A

Isoleucine

124
Q
A

Methionine

125
Q
A

Phenylalanine

126
Q
A

Asparagine

127
Q
A

Glutamic acid

128
Q
A

Glutamine

129
Q
A

Histidine

130
Q
A

Lysine

131
Q
A

Aspartic acid

132
Q
A

Glycine

133
Q
A

Alanine

134
Q
A

Serine

135
Q
A

Threonine

136
Q
A

Tyrosine

137
Q
A

Tryptophan

138
Q
A

Cysteine

139
Q
A

Proline

159
Q

Polar charged amino acids with their charges

A

D-, E-, H+, K+, R+

160
Q

α-1,2-fructose

A

sucrose

161
Q

galactose-β-1,4-glucose

A

lactose

162
Q

glucose-α-1,4-glucose

A

maltose

163
Q

Le Chatelier’s principle shift to LEFT

A

More products, volume, or temp

Less reactants or pressure

164
Q

At physiologic pH, ____functional groups will be protonated, attaining a___

A

At physiological pH, basic functional groups will be protonated, attaining a positive charge.

165
Q

The amino acids in hemoglobin (or any protein) uniformly have which of the following configurations?

A

Amino acids are usually L-configuration

166
Q

tertiary rxns favor sn1 or sn2

A

3˚ = sn1

167
Q

polar aprotic solvents favor sn1 or sn2

A

polar aprotic = sn2

168
Q

need a strong nucleophile–sn1 or sn2

A

sn2 = strong nu

169
Q

invertion of products, sn1 or sn2?

A

sn2 = inversion

170
Q

racemic products = sn1 or sn2?

A

racemic = sn1

171
Q

stimulus is added and behavior continues

A

positive punishment

172
Q

stimulus is removed and behavior stops

A

negative punishment

173
Q

stimulus is added and behavior continues

A

positive reinforcement

174
Q

stimulus is removed and behavior continues

A

negative reinforcement

175
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

FLAT PEG

FLAT = Tropic hormones

PEG = Direct

176
Q

Peptide hormones and amino acid derivative hormones end in…

and they act via

A

peptide/amino acid = –in, –ine

Peptide hormones act via second messengers

Amino acids act via second messengers or homrone/receptor binding to DNA

177
Q

most steroid hormones end in… and act via

A

steroid = –one, –ol, –oid

act via hormone/receptor binding to DNA

178
Q

Hormones produced in the hypohtalamus (and stored in the posterior pituitary)

A

oxytocin; ADH/vasoprsesin

179
Q

Hormones produced in the adrenal cortex include

A

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

180
Q

hormones produced in the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine and norepinephrin

181
Q

pancreatic hormones include

A

glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin

182
Q

melatonin in produced in the

A

pineal gland

183
Q

Depolarization

A

Na+ gates open and Na+ rushes into axon

184
Q

Repolarization

A

K+ rushes out of axon

185
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

all gates closed

186
Q

Pancreas enzymes include

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases A and B

187
Q

Enteropeptidase function

A

converts trypsinogen and procarobxypeptidases to active form

188
Q

lewis acid

bronsted lowry acid

A

lewis acid = accepts electrons

Bronsted lowry acid = accepts protons

189
Q

lewis base

bronsted-lowry base

A

lewis base = donates electrons

Bronsted lowry base = donates protons

Kaplan mcat flashcards (8 decks)

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