Quick revision

Question 1

psychodynamic processes

Answer 1

• the purpose of dreams is wish fulfilment
• they express our unconscious desires but are translated into symbols by the ego
• the ego defends us from the anxiety produced by dreams by using defense mechanisms
• Freud suggests that dreams provide a safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings
• the true desire may be hidden behind symbols
• the story of the dream is the manifest content which hides the meaning of the dream, the latent content

Question 2

impact of drugs on sleep

Answer 2

• alcohol intially acts as a depressant which would make us more sleepy quickly but then it becomes a stimulant which reduces the quality of sleep
• consuming caffeine increases adrenaline production so consuming caffeine in the afternoon will inhibit sleep
• drowsiness is a major side effect of anti histamine medication, this is because histamine is a wakeful neurotransmitter

Question 3

dement and kleitman

Answer 3

• they developed a way of objectively studying dreaming
• study of eye movement
• this procedure used by d&k enabled later researchers to figure out the purpose of REM
• improve dream length and content
• Tripps eye twitching could be explained by REM while awake
• memory consolidation as the reorganisational theory suggests this happens in REM
• Czeisler has greater ecological validity as d&k was laboratory

Question 4

crick and mitchison

Answer 4

weakness
the claim that reverse learning occurs during rem sleep has no evidence
the idea of unlearning may only exist hypothetically
strength
animals with larger brains dont have REM, this supports the theory as their brains are bigger as they have space for parasitic thoughts

Question 5

oswald

Answer 5

• brain restored during REM, and the body during NREM
• brain function will be impaired during periods of sleepiness
• studies show that sleep is important for memory/problem solving/mood
• comas are induced on people that have brain damage to restore the brain
• increase of growth hormone means that during puberty sleep should increase
• Rechtschaffan (1983) sleep deprived rats died in 23 days