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Physiology > Quick Recall Paper 1 > Flashcards

Quick Recall Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Reduced vitamin k to active form

A

Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1

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2
Q

Vitamin K adds

A

Carboxyl group to glutamic acid residues of factors 2, 4, 9, 10 and protein C

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3
Q

Hemophilia

A

Factor
8—small unit for intrinsic pathway—hemophilia A

Large unit—von willebrand disease

9—-hemophilia B

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4
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

Results from large amounts of traumatized tissue that releases great quantities of tissue factor

Small numerous clots

Widespread septicemia where endotoxins activate clotting mechanism

Lead to circulatory shock

More bleeding due to many clotting factors being removed from blood

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5
Q

Heparin

A

> 60 mins or more instantaneously
Lasts for 1.5 - 4 hours
Destroyed by heparinase
Heart lung machine or artificial kidney machine
Inactivates 9, 10, 11, 12, thrombin and platelet

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6
Q

Warfarin/coumarin

A 
Inhibits VKOR c1
Decreases vitamin k availability
Coagulation factors become inactive
Activity to 50% in 12 hrs and 20% in 24 hrs
Returns to normal in 1-3 days
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7
Q

Silicone

A

Prevents activation of platelets and factor 12

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8
Q

Oxalate

A

Decrease Ca concentration by forming calcium oxalate

Toxic

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9
Q

Citrate

A

As Na, K, or NH4
Combines with Ca to form unionized Ca
removed by liver and polymerized to glucose
If liver is damaged, Ca levels may decrease extensively causing tetany

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10
Q

Prothrombin time

A

Oxalated
Excess calcium and tissue factor
Normal- 12 seconds

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11
Q

INR

A

International Normalised Ratio
Standardized measurement of prothrombin time.
INR = (PTt/PTn)ISI

Normal - 0.9-1.3

Patients undergoing warfarin therapy - 2-3

Low INR - risk of bleeding
High INR - chance of clotting

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12
Q

ISI

A

International sensitivity index
Indicates activity of standardized sample
Usually 1-2

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13
Q

PTT/APTT

A

Partial thromboplastin time
Tests efficacy of intrinsic and common coagulation pathways

Oxalated
+Ca +silica/kaolin

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14
Q

Structures that do not contain lymph vessels

A 
Superficial skin layers
Cornea
Brain
Spinal cord
Lens of eye
Bones
Alveoli of lungs
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15
Q

Functions of lymph

A
  1. Return of P, Elect. and H2O to blood, maintaining its viscosity
  2. Redistribution of body water (compartments)
  3. Removes bacteria in nodes
  4. Body defence
  5. Transports antibiotics
  6. Fat absorption lacteals
  7. St. and func. integrity of tissues
  8. Nutrients and O2 to where blood can’t reach
  9. Maintains interstitial fluid level
  10. Concentration of urine in kidney
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16
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Generalised enlargement of lymph glands

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17
Q

Elephantiasis

A

Enlargement of lower limbs and scrotum due to obstruction of lymph vessels by filaria

18
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Inflammation of lymph nodes

19
Q

Normal blood volume

A

79mL + 10 mL/kg body wgt

20
Q

Determination of blood volume

A

Direct:
Welcker
Biscoff

Indirect:
Estimating RBC mass
Estimating plasma volume
Both
---use dilution principle method
21
Q

Estimation of RBC mass

A

Radioactive chromium, iron, phosphorus

22
Q

Radioactive iron

A
  • Rd. Fe into ferric ammonium citrate
  • Injected into donor of group O
  • New cells take up iron and appear in 24hrs
  • Reaches Max in 21 days
  • 70-100mL having Rd. 2500-3000 counts per min per mL injected intravenously to recipient
  • samples drawn at 10 min intervals, thrice
  • RBC separated, Rd. determined by Geiger Muller counter

Vrbc = Vd * RaD/RaR

Vd - volume of donor cells
RaD - Rd. Of donor cells
RaR - Rd. Of recipient cells

23
Q

Plasma volume estimation

A

Dye method

Isotope method

24
Q

Dye method

A 
Evans blue dye injected
Binds to albumin and circulates by 10 mins
Samples taken out every 10 mins
Cells separated conc. of dye estimated
5% excreted in urine/hr

Vp = amt. Injected - Amt. Excreted/mean conc.

Blood volume = 100*Vp/55

25
Q

Conditions of decreased blood volume

A
  1. Haemorrhage- l.o.whole blood
  2. Burns- l.o.plasma
  3. Dehydration- l.o.water
  4. Myxoedema- less whole blood
  5. Addison’s- less whole blood
26
Q

Extrinsic pathway order

A

3
7
10
5

27
Q

Intrinsic pathway order

A 
12
11
9
8
10
5
28
Q

Activation of factor 11 requires

A

HMW kininogen accelerated by prekallekrein

29
Q

Ageing disorders

A

Progeria

Werners syndrome

30
Q

Sources of embryonic stem cells

A

Human umbilical cord perivascular cells
Amniotic fluid
Bone marrow

31
Q

Effect of drugs on protein channels

A

Tetradotoxin - Na
Tetraethyl ammonium - K
Vermapil - Ca

32
Q

Local anaesthetics and their action

A

Procaine
Tetracaine

  • act directly on activation Gates of Na making it difficult to open
  • Reduce membrane excitability.
  • When safety factor is <1 nerve impulse doesn’t propagate
33
Q

Refractory period of nerve

A

0.3-1 msec

34
Q

Adaptation and accommodation

A
  • excitability of never decreases when stimulus of constant strength is applied for a long period
  • nerves are less excitable when simulated by slowly rising current strength. Slow rise activates both Na and K simultaneously
35
Q

Erlanger gasser classification

A

Aà - mixed - 12-20mm
Abeta - sensory - 5-12mm
Agamma - motor - 3-6mm
Adelta - sensory - 2-5mm

B - preganglionic - 3mm - 0.5-2m/s
C- postganglionic - 0.3-1.3mm - 0.7-2.3m/s

36
Q

Drugs preventing release of ACh

A

Botulinum

Prevents fusion of ACh vesicles

37
Q

Drugs with ACh like action

A

Methacholine
Carbachol
Nicotine
Causes initial twitching but paralysis due to persistent depolarization

38
Q

Drugs inhibiting AChesterase

A

Neostigmine
Physostigmine
Diisopropyl fluorophosphate - nerve gas poison - inhibits for weeks

39
Q

Drugs blocking ACh receptors

A

Crurariform drugs

Bungarotoxin

40
Q

In t tubules voltage is sensed by

A

Dihydropyridine receptors linked to calcium release channels

Physiology (9 decks)

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