Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LARE Section 4 > Quick Notes > Flashcards

Quick Notes Flashcards

1
Q

When specifying lumber for use on a wooden deck, the lumber should always be

A

faced bark-side up

by orienting lumber bark-side up, cupping or warping of the deck lumber will be limited to the center of the wood, not the edges (i.e. where adjacent pieces of lumber sit parallel to one another along their long edge). Cupping at the edges of lumber creates a trip hazard that can easily be reduced or mitigated by placing deck lumber bark-side up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vegetated swales can be used to accommodate large storm events:

A

generally be designed to safely convey a 25-year storm event.
Note that they will often be designed to handle 2-year design storms without experiencing erosion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Isolation or expansion joints

A

Are used in concrete to allow lateral movement between adjacent slabs or other fixed structures/surfaces, and as such, should be constructed to the full depth of the concrete slab.

Should also be placed at the interface between concrete and other fixed surfaces, for example, where a horizontal concrete surface meets a structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stormwater infiltration rates are determined primarily by

A

Soil type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Infiltration

A

The movement of water through soil, rock or other material in the ground and, as such, infiltration rates are determined primarily by soil type.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Primary Purpose of Bid Form

A

Standardize all bids submitted so that they can be compared accurately to one another

In the absence of a bid form, contractors may format their bids in a variety of ways, making it difficult or impossible to accurately compare bids between contractors with the same scope of work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stabilized Inlet

A

Typically constructed with riprap - relatively large angular rocks that diffuse the velocity of water entering a stormwater treatment facility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Silt Fences

A

Typically laid out along the contour of a slope to maintain water quality during construction activities.
Generally composed of a fine plastic mesh that retains and filters sediments from stormwater while also allowing water to pass through the plastic membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

To avoid or rehabilitate compacted soils, what measures should be taken during or after construction:

A
  • Determine if compaction is located in the surface or in the subsoil
  • Amend soils with organic matter
  • Limit the use of heavy equipment during construction process
  • Avoid use of heavy equipment during or directly after precipitation events, as wet soils are more readily compacted.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Site Protection Plan

A

a plan or plans that, in general, protect natural resources on a project site, sensitive areas adjacent and downstream of the project site and comply with local laws and codes.
Examples of content in a site protection plan include tree protection and salvage, site access, erosion control measures, and noise control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stormwater BMPs attempt to accomplish:

A

Aimed at infiltrating stormwater, thereby mimicking the natural hydrological regimen and recharging groundwater.
Also aim to reduce stormwater velocity and volume, as doing so improves water quality and reduces the potential for erosion during storm events.
In general, BMPs do not attempt to detain stormwater over long periods of time, although cistern structures and other rainwater harvesting devices would do so.
Likewise, BMPs do not channelize stormwater flows, as channelization results in high water velocities that will erode stream channels and reduce water quality when released into natural water systems.
Lower peak flow, not base flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Continuous Beam

A

Beam supported by at least three structural members (posts) on a wooden deck or other elevated structure.
Note that all beams are load bearing and that the portion of a beam overhanging a post could be referred to as “cantilevered”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gravel Ballast

A

Recommended feature of green roofs along their perimeter to protect against wind shear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What three materials are found in typical concrete mix?

A

Water
Aggregate
Cement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Under general conditions, properly constructed asphalt pavement requires surface maintenance or resurfacing every:

A

20 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bituminous Binder

A

Used to adhere a new coat of asphalt to an existing asphalt surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mortar

A

Used to bond individual masonry units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Epoxy

A

a high-strength adhesive that is used to bond wood, concrete, metals and/or plastics in general construction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Asphalt Treated Base

A

An alternative to untreated base material and is typically used during construction in wet or freezing conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Plate Compactor

A

Used to compact an aggregate product during a construction process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The ratio of which two materials determines the compressive strength of concrete

A

Water and Cement
W/C Ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Reducing peak flows can help control:

A
  • stream siltation
  • soil erosion
  • downstream scouring
  • channel widening
  • frequency of severe floods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mitigating land subsidence

A

Usually achieved through groundwater recharge and stormwater infiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Proper dust control on a construction site has the primary benefits of

A

Reducing the volume of sediments produced by construction activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Live Staking

A

Bioengineering
Inexpensive and simple technique to restore eroded stream banks.
Cost-effective and low impact way of reducing sediment deposition and erosion in waterways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Concrete Pros and Cons

A

Pros:
- extremely workable and able to be used and applied to a wide variety of purposes
Cons
- susceptibility to cracking
- prolonged curing time (~28 days)
- need for rebar and formwork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Sediment Forebay

A
  • Often located upstream of a constructed stormwater wetland or other infiltration device to intercept and reduce the velocity of flows entering the wetland and to settle sediments and other solids that may be present in the water.
  • Helps improve the water quality within the wetland structure and improves its efficiency and operational lifespan.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Rational Method for Calculation of Peak Stormwater Runoff Rates

A
  • typically used for small drainage areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What materials should only be placed behind a retaining wall to facilitate drainage

A

Compacted aggregate with filter fabric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

All construction details should include

A
  • scale to which detail is drawn
  • dimensions
  • Callouts for materials and other relevant annotations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

To be most effective, sediment traps should be located

A

at point of discharge

doing so allows this water quality device to treat runoff before it disperses over a greater area and potentially gains greater flow velocity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which irrigation system minimizes water loss to the greatest extent?

A

Point-source drip irrigation

Are among the lowest use irrigation systems available and would thus minimize water loss to the greatest extent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Point-Source Dripp Irrigation

A
  • emitters are located at the base of each shrub or plant and provide a low volume of water to the root ball of each plant, thereby ensuring that the vast majority of water conveyed by the irrigation system is used for its intended purpose.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What actions offer the most improvement to a site’s safety

A
  • increased site usage
  • improving visibility
  • designing for natural surveillance
  • providing multiple access points
  • promoting a positive image of the site
  • defined perceived ownership of the site
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Vertical Curves

A

PVC - Point of Vertical Curve
PVI - Point of Vertical Intersection
PVT - Point of Vertical Tangency

PVC is beginning of vertical curve (sometimes referred to as the BVC (beginning of vertical curve))
PVT is something referred to as EVC (end of vertical curve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Borrow Pit Method
Grid Method

A
  • used to calculate cut and fill quantities on complex grading projects
  • approach entails laying out a grid across a construction site and assigning an elevation to each point on the grid. Note that the spacing of the grid correlates to the accuracy of the estimate (i.e. a finer grid produces more accurate results). The elevational values for each cell are then averaged, and an average cut/fill values is assigned to every cell. Note the cut and fill values are kept separate. Individual cell averages are then added up and multiplied by the area of a single cell to yield an estimate for the amount of earthwork required by a project.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Contour Area Method

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Average End Area Method

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Snap ties

A

type of fastener used to hold formwork together while concrete is being poured and are designed to break away after the formwork is removed. Snap ties can remain inside concrete to provide additional reinforcement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

As a general rule, aggregate used in a concrete mix should not exceed:

A

1/3 the depth of slab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Recharge Trench

A
  • placed adjacent to and downslope of a vegetated filter strip
    (Water would sheet flow off of an adjacent surface, flow through the filter strip for treatment and then enter the recharge trench for infiltration)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Instructions to Bidders

A

Purpose of this form is to outline the requirements necessary to prepare and submit a bid properly and provides detail guidance to bidders, including the process for award of contract and rejection of bids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Bid Form

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

General Conditions

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Supplementary Conditions

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Invitation to Bid

A
47
Q

Asphalt Treated Base (ATB)

A

an alternative to untreated base material and is typically used during construction in wet or freezing conditions.
Acts as a water-resistant barrier that prevents the infiltration of fines into the subgrade, which occurs when water accumulates in the subgrade. (Not only does this clog the base layer (thereby impeding drainage), it can also create voids in the subgrade into which the pavement can settle.)
ATB is about three times as strong as an untreated granular base (such as crushed rock). Possible to use thinner layers for the same structural support, which can save on excavation costs.

48
Q

Tensile strength

A

measurement of a product’s resistance to forces parallel to the material’s grain or surface. (most often associated with wood)

49
Q

Landscape Lighting Best Practices

A
  • facilitate safety
  • improve legibility of a space
  • establish a uniform layout of lighting fixtures
  • consistent and thoughtful placement of lighting fixtures provides users with a safe means to negotiate a space in the evening and early morning hours.
  • Uplighting should be minimized whenever possible give that it results in light pollution.
    (maximizing lumen output would be a goal in scenarios like lighting a parking lot, it would not be considered a best practice). Light fixtures should be selected based on their appropriateness for their intended application and not simply based upon the amount of light they produce.
50
Q

Measures to directly address soil compaction for urban street trees

A
  • use of suspended pavements (pavements that do not transfer loads to subsurface planting soils)
  • installation of Silva Cells or other comparable systems below pavement
  • Use of structural soils
51
Q

Purpose of a deconstruction inventory

A
  • meant to identify all site and building components that can be removed, reused, or recycled and can supplement conventional demolition activities
  • benefits include the reduction of construction-related waste and the management of hazardous resources
  • Although deconstruction can cost more than conventional demolition, when used properly, it has the potential to generate additional income for projects as well.
52
Q

Sediment Forebay

A
  • located upstream of the retention pond to intercept and reduce the velocity of flows entering the facility and to settle sediments and other solids that may be present in the water.
    Doing so helps improve the water quality within the treatment structures and improves its efficiency and operational lifespan.
53
Q

What unit of measurement is used to calculate live load on a wooden deck?

A

Pounds per square foot

54
Q

What unit of measurement is used to measure water pressure in an irrigation mainline?

A

Pounds per square inch (PSI)

55
Q

Unit Price

A

use when the bidding information outlines the type of work required, but not the amount

Ideal for addressing uncertain scope of work

Unit prices can incorporate any and all anticipated costs associated with the installation of the unit, including labor, overhead, profit and materials, and thus be an ideal way of ensuring that the contractor could profit from a defined type of work with an uncertain scope

56
Q

Lump Sum

A
57
Q

Cost-Plus

A
58
Q

Backflow Prevention Device

A

Used to separate irrigation water from a potable water supply, thereby protecting it from contamination.
Device is located after the water meter, at the very start of the irrigation system.

59
Q

Water Meter

A

typically provides a point of connection to a municipal water main and measures the amount of water passing through it (for billing purposes)

60
Q

Quick Coupler Valves

A

Allows hoses to be connected to the irrigation water supply and are important and useful components, both for a site’s irrigation design and its ongoing maintenance practices

61
Q

Isolation Valves

A

Located on an irrigation mainline to allow (or shut off) water to a portion of the irrigation system - most often for troubleshooting a leak in the mainline

62
Q

As a general rule, the finished grade of the landscape should relate to the finished floor elevation of a structure by

A

Finished grade should be a minimum of 1 inch below the finished floor elevation of a structure

  • depends on type of construction
  • exterior finished grade should generally be positioned 1” minimum below interior finished floor elevation, for flood protection
  • 1/4” threshold is typically provided at entrances for accessibility compliance
  • although real world conditions often dictate a greater difference between finished grade and finished floor elevations (FFE) emphasis on the word minimum
  • note that in exterior conditions, it is often ideal for the landscape finished grade to be around 2 inches below the finished surface elevation of adjacent hardscape surfaces such as sidewalks and pool decks, and many sources prefer a 6 inch difference between “softscape” and the FFE
63
Q

What is the purpose of a pilot hole when using wood screws?

A

Prevent the wood from splitting and splintering when driving the screw

64
Q

Compost Blankets

A

a 1-3” layer of compost loosely applied to disturbed soils
- prevent erosion and concentrated stormwater flows, reduce runoff, increase infiltration, promote the growth of vegetation and enhance soil stablity in general
- help protect against conditions that will create concentrated flows and high-velocity run-off. However, once concentrated flows or high-velocity run-off have been created by upstream conditions, compost blankets should not be used

65
Q

Advantages of Asphalt Paving

A
  • low maintenance costs
  • low reflectivity (due to its being a dark color)
  • low cost of installation
66
Q

Disadvantages of Asphalt

A
  • Susceptibility to frost damage
  • Propensity to erode at its edges
67
Q

Filter Strips

A

Filter sediments from stormwater and treat sheet flows from adjacent surfaces, thereby improving water quality.

68
Q

Concrete Cantilevered Wall

A

Expensive to construct because walls such as these require large excavation and formwork with steel reinforcing, significant back drainage and expansion joints.
That said, after construction, a wall such as this has low maintenance costs and a long life expectancy

69
Q

Project Manual

A

a single book or set of documents that contains all of the relevant project documents in one place, including the bidding documents, general conditions, supplementary provisions (also known as the “special conditions”) and technical specifications. Although technical specifications are included in the project manual, a project may not include performance specifications, as these are a type of specification and are thus not always found in every project manual. Design drawings are not part of the project manual

70
Q

Control Joints

A

Introduced into concrete to prevent cracking in random locations. They resist cracking to predetermined locations.
Can be constructed in multiple ways (tooled, saw cuts, etc.) but the most visually appealing control joints in concrete are typically saw cut.
The suggested depth of control joints varies by source and locality, but most texts generally agree that control joints should extend to 1/4-1/3 of the thickness of the concrete.

71
Q

Specifications are typically ordered according to a

A

prescribed sequence
Part 1 - General
Part 2 - Product
Part 3 - Execution

72
Q

Technical specifications follow standard format that provides three types of information

A

General
Product
Execution

73
Q

Technical Specifications

A

address qualitative or aesthetic-oriented information that cannot be addressed or easily shown through the designer’s drawings.
Such information would include material finishes and the quality of workmanship to be executed. The specifications themselves are typically broken down into general information, product information, and execution.

74
Q

Technical Specifications
General Information

A

Include the basic scope of work

75
Q

Technical Specifications
Product Information

A

describe the specific materials to be used and any manufacturing or fabrication processes to be used in producing them

76
Q

Technical Specifications
Execution

A

Describe the actual means of preparing, installing or constructing the item in question, as well as any quality or performance requirements expected

77
Q

Technical Specifications Best Practices

A
  • Follow a prescribed format and sequence
  • Take precedence over construction drawings
  • Should be found in a single location within the contract documents
78
Q

Vegetative Cover prevents erosion through which mechanisms:

A
  • Shielding soil from the impact of rain
  • Slowing runoff velocity through increased surface friction
  • Roots holding the soil in place
  • Increasing the absorption capacity of the soil through root systems
79
Q

Surface Albedo

A
80
Q

Ambient temperatures

A
81
Q

“Fall zone” surrounding playground equipment is generally sized to:

A

6’ on all sides for school age children
3’ for infants and toddlers

82
Q

Connectivity

A

Refers to the degree of connectedness in a transportation network

83
Q

Liquefaction

A

takes place when loosely packed, water-logged sediments at or near the ground surface lose their strength in response to strong ground shaking (e.g., earthquakes)

84
Q

Table of Abbreviations

A

typically included on the general information sheet with a construction document set for the express purpose of defining any and all abbreviations that appear within a project’s drawing set

85
Q

Site Protection Plan

A

general term for a plan or plans that protect natural resources on a project site, while also protecting sensitive areas adjacent and downstream on the project site and complying with local laws and codes. Other examples of content in a Site Protection Plan include site access, tree or plant salvage and measures to salvage topsoil on-site for reuse.
A Site Protection plan would not encompass concerns such as security checkpoints or chainlink perimeter fencing.
Examples include: wash down areas for constrution equipment, erosion control, tree protection, storage areas for salvaged materials, noise mitigation.

86
Q

Treatment and habitat value can be improved in stormwater wet ponds through which?

A

Using organic geometries
Topographical variation
(both create variations in the wet pond’s conditions that promote greater biodiversity and increase the treatment time of stormwater
Wet ponds generally benefit from increasing flow length and should be designed to be anywhere from 4-8’ deep.

87
Q

Use of zinc coating in exterior metal applications

A

Non-stainless steel fixtures used in exterior applications are often coated in zinc to prevent and reduce the formation of rust. Zinc coating is added to fasteners by dipping the fasteners in a vessel of molten zinc (a process referred to as hot-dip galvanizing)

88
Q

Machine Bolt Assembly

A

typically used for metal-to-metal connections

89
Q

Purpose of slump test

A

To measure the workability of a concrete mix.

The test itself measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets by placing a portion of the concrete mix into a slump cone, tamping the mix and removing the cone. The height of the mix is then measured, as is any slump or deformation in the shaped of the concrete. Thus, the slump test not only checks the workability of freshly made concrete, but can also be used as an indicator of an improperly mixed batch of concrete.

90
Q

Demolition Plan contains

A
  • survey base with accurate locations for all existing site elements
  • bold dashed line that indicates the full limits of work for the entire project
  • reference notes and hardscape to be removed are other items that would need to be included on the plan.
91
Q

Primary determinant of the width of a retaining wall’s footing

A

Soil bearing capacity
Also helps determine the method of a retaining wall’s construction

92
Q

Soil Bearing Capacity

A

the measure of a soil to decrease in volume under the pressure of a given weight

93
Q

LEED

A

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

Program developed by the U.S. Green Building Council that measures and evaluates the sustainability and performance of structures and landscapes

94
Q

LID

A

Low Impact Development

concept that addresses hydrological flows via stormwater management, with the goal of protecting and preserving natural drainage patterns on a site during and after the development process

95
Q

BMPs

A

Best Management Practices

address stormwater management practices - addressing issues of irrigation, plant selection and maintenance, among other things, with the goal of reducing resource use and protecting overall ecosystem health

96
Q

Architectural Grid System

A

utilizes the proposed building grid (established by the architect) to organize and lay out elements of the proposed site construction and the grid can be used to identify locations in lieu of a survey control point.
Iocate specific site elements on a site layout plan

97
Q

Emergency Access Plan

A
98
Q

Geotechnical Soils Report

A

determines the character of a site’s geology and soils.
Such a report will generally contain specific recommendations for grading and drainage and should be taken into account when designing this portion of a project.

99
Q

Heat of Hydration

A

hydration, a chemical process initiated when cement is mixed with water to form concrete.
It is an exothermic (heat-producing) reaction that occurs as cement particles expand due to the presence of water.
Ratio of cement to water determines the extent of this reaction and is the primary determinant of the ultimate strength of the cured concrete.

100
Q

Invert elevation of a pipe is measured from where to where

A

Measured at the bottom of the inside/interior of the pipe and is measured from the surface (finished grade) of the ground.

Example: the top of a 0’-6” diameter pipe with an invert elevation of 3’-0” would be located 2’-6” below landscaped finish grade.

101
Q

Three primary documents used in solicitation of bids by an owner

A

Invitation to bid
Instructions to bidders
Bid form

102
Q

Invitation to Bid

A

Advertises or otherwise notifies bidders of the proposed project

103
Q

Instruction to Bidders

A

Provides potential bidders with an outline of how to formulate and submit their bid

104
Q

Bid Form

A

Provides template for how bid information is to be conveyed to owner

105
Q

Ledger

A

a component of a deck and is a board that supports joists and transfers loads from the deck to the structure to which the desk is attached

106
Q

Level Spreader

A
107
Q

Spillway

A
108
Q

Riprap

A
109
Q

Weir

A
110
Q

Lumens

A

the total amount of light leaving a source, and as such, would be used in the design of a lighting plan to determine the relative amount of light that a given fixture would generate.

111
Q

Detention facilities

A

used to hold runoff during storm events and release the storm water after a period of time - usually once the peak storm flow has passed.
Best used to reduce downstream flooding and erosion

112
Q

Commonly employed stormwater management devices to improve water quality

A

Silt Fence
Water Quality Basin
Infiltration Basin

113
Q

Perpendicular Offset Method

A

a layout system used in construction drawings.

114
Q

Vertical Curve

A

Provides a transition between two slopes roadways, allow a vehicle to negotiate the elevation rate change at a gradual rate rather than a sharp cut

LARE Section 4 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions