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LARE Section 4 > Quick Facts > Flashcards

Quick Facts Flashcards

1
Q

Handicap Stalls Maximum Distance From Building

A

Maximum 100 FT from building entries

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2
Q

Drop Off Zone Locations

A

Should be located as close as possible to primary entryways
No grade changes should exist between road surfaces and adjacent walkways
Vehicular connections to drop-offs, site entrance and parking areas should be direct

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3
Q

Site Entrances

A

Should be well identified with obvious relationship to the buildings and sites they serve

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4
Q

Waiting Area Locations

A

Should be located within 300 ft of building entry
Avoid traffic congestion
Overhead shelter should be provided for protection from weather
Adequate seating and lighting should also be provided

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5
Q

Walkways

A

Should provide clear and direct routes throughout sites
surfaces should be firm and level
curb cuts and ramps should be provided where necessary
accessible walkways should consist of closed loops rather than dead ends

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6
Q

Site Entrances

A

Should be well identified with obvious relationships to the buildings and sites they serve

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7
Q

Signage

A

Clear and legible signage should be provided to direct pedestrians to various destinations

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8
Q

Building Entries

A

Should be clearly identified
Combined means of entry should be provided for handicapped individuals (i.e. both ramps and stairs)
Public facilities should be located near accessible entryways (lavatories, phones, drinking fountains, etc.)
No grade changes should exist between entryways and these facilities

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9
Q

Objects should not protrude into pedestrian pathways above a …

A

27 in. height

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10
Q

Crown of Improved Streets

Streets, Driveways, and Parking Areas
Gradients

A

Maximum 3%
Minimum 1%
Preferred 2%

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11
Q

Crown of Unimproved Streets

Streets, Driveways, and Parking Areas
Gradients

A

Maximum 3%
Minimum 2%
Preferred 2.5%

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12
Q

Slope of Shoulders

Streets, Driveways, and Parking Areas
Gradients

A

Maximum 15%
Minimum 1%
Preferred 2-3%

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13
Q

Longitudinal Slope of Streets

Streets, Driveways, and Parking Areas
Gradients

A

Maximum 20%
Minimum 0.5%
Preferred 1-10%

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14
Q

Longitudinal Slope of Driveways

Streets, Driveways, and Parking Areas
Gradients

A

Maximum 20%
Minimum 0.25%
Preferred 1-10%

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15
Q

Longitudinal Slope of Parking Areas

Streets, Driveways, and Parking Areas
Gradients

A

Maximum 5%
Minimum 0.25%
Preferred 2-3%

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16
Q

Cross Slope of Parking Area

Streets, Driveways, and Parking Areas
Gradients

A

Maximum 10%
Minimum 0.5%
Preferred 1-3%

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17
Q

Longitudinal Slope of Sidewalks

Concrete Walks
Gradient

A

Maximum 10%
Minimum 0.5%
Preferred 1-5%

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18
Q

Cross Slope of Sidewalks

Concrete Walks
Gradient

A

Maximum 4%
Minimum 1%
Preferred 2%

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19
Q

Approaches, Platforms, Etc.

Concrete Walks
Gradient

A

Maximum 8%
Minimum 0.5%
Preferred 2%

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20
Q

Service Areas

Concrete Walks
Gradient

A

Maximum 10%
Minimum 0.5%
Preferred 2-3%

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21
Q

Concrete

Concrete Terrace and Sitting Areas
Gradient

A

Maximum 2%
Minimum 0.5%
Preferred 1%

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22
Q

Flagstone, Slate, Brick

Terrace and Sitting Areas
Gradient

A

Maximum 2%
Minimum 0.75%
Preferred 1%

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23
Q

Recreation, Games, Etc.
(Noncompetitive)

Lawn Areas
Gradient

A

Maximum% 5 1 ???

Minimum% 2-3

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24
Q

Grassed Athletic Fields

Lawn Areas
Gradients

A

Maximum 2%
Minimum 0.5%
Preferred 1%

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25
Q

Lawns and Grass Areas

Lawn Areas
Gradient

A

Maximum 25%
Minimum 1%
Preferred 5-10%

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26
Q

Berms and Mounds

Lawn Areas
Gradient

A

Maximum 20%
Minimum 5%
Preferred 10%

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27
Q

Mowed Slopes

Lawn Areas
Gradient

A 
Maximum 25 (3:1)
Preferred 20%
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28
Q

Unmowed Grass Banks

Lawn Areas
Gradient

A

Maximum: Angle of Repose
Preferred: 25%

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29
Q

Planted Slopes and Beds

Lawn Areas
Gradient

A

Maximum 10%
Minimum 0.5%
Preferred 3-5%

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30
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Pavement Widths

Single Lane Road

A

10-14 ft

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31
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Pavement Widths

Two-Lane Road

A

20-24 ft

32
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Pavement Widths

Four-Lane Road

A

20-24 ft either direction

33
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Pavement Crown

Natural Soil

A

1/2 in : 1 ft

34
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Pavement Crown

Gravel, Crushed Stone

A

3/8-1/2 in : 1 ft

35
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Pavement Crown

Intermediate-Type Bituminous

A

1/4-3/8 in : 1 ft

36
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Pavement Crown

High-Type Bituminous

A

1/8-1/4 in : 1 ft

37
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Pavement Crown

Concrete

A

1/10 - 3/16in : 1 ft

38
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Pavement Crowns

Brick or Stone

A

1/4 in : 1 ft

39
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Shoulders

Minimum Width

A

1 ft

40
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Shoulders

Minimum Desirable Width

A

2 ft

41
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Shoulders

Preferred Width

A

8-10 ft

42
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Shoulders

Slope

A

1/2 in : 1 ft approx 4%

43
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Side Slopes

Slope

A

4:1

44
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Back Slopes

Earth, minimum

A

1 1/2 : 1

45
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Back Slopes

Earth, preferred

A

2:1 or 3:1

46
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Back Slopes

Ledge rock, minimum

A

1/4 : 1

47
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Back Slopes

Shale

A

1/2 : 1

48
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Fill Slopes

Earth, minimum

A

2:1

49
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Fill Slopes

Earth, preferred

A

4:1

50
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Ditches

Minimum depth

A

1-2 ft. below shoulder elevation

51
Q

Spatial Standards for Roads
Ditches

Maximum inslope

A

3:1

52
Q

Surface Soil

A

A horizon
6-24”
Dark gray colored - high organic matter, high biotic activity, abundant roots, commonly leached

Should be stripped from construction site, stockpiled for backfill in planting areas
Not suitable for fill under construction

53
Q

Subsurface

A

A Horizon
6-24”
Moderately dark - many roots, moderate organic matter, commonly leached
May be used as fill under topsoil and may respond to compaction under some construction

54
Q

Subsoil

A

B Horizon
6”-8’
Below plow depth - brown or reddish colored - more clay than surface, fewer roots
Not desirable for plant growth but may make good compacted subsurface for construction*
*Depends upon soil quality and type of construction anticipated

55
Q

Lower Subsoil

A

B Horizon
6”-8’
More yellowish and less clay - fewer roots than subsoil, less aeration than above
Not desirable for plant growth but may make good compacted subsurface for construction
*Depends upon soil quality and type of construction anticipated

56
Q

Parent Material

A

C Horizon
Unconsolidated - slightly weathered rocky mass from which soil develops. No biotic activity, few roots
Good base course material when properly placed and compacted for construction.

57
Q

Bedrock

A

C Horizon

Consolidated rock.

58
Q

Three Major Groups of Rock

A

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

59
Q

Igneous Rock

A

Solidified from a molten state, either at or beneath the surface of the earth.
Crystalline, typically not exhibiting a grain
Breaks irregularly depending on its composition

60
Q

Sedimentary Rock

A

Made from the sedimentation of soil, plant, and animal remains that have hardened as a result of pressure, time, and the deposition of natural cements, typically at ocean depths
Will fracture along the planes of sedimentation

61
Q

Metamorphic Rock

A

Consists of previously igneous or sedimentary rock that has been altered by extreme heat and pressure, either at great depths of along tectonic fault lines, etc. It often exhibits some veining or foliation, which may fracture naturally as well as during blasting and excavation

62
Q

In preparing a grading plan that involves rock, the most useful data includes:

A

(1) the amount of soil cover, or depth of earth to rock
(2) how much of the top layer rock is loose and can be easily broken
(3) how much of the rock will have to be blasted
(4) the basic type of rock

63
Q

Cost of blasting and moving rock

A

Typically 7 to 10 times higher than moving dry, deep, moderately cohesive soil

64
Q

Swell

A

increase of volume of soil when dug
when soil or rock is dug or blasted out of its origin position breaking into particles or chunks creating more spaces and adding to its bulk

65
Q

Rational Method

A

Q = KCIA

Q=Peak Discharge of runoff in ft3/sec
K=Constant 1.0 for US
C=Runoff coefficient (ratio of runoff to rainfall)
I=Rainfall intensity at time of concentration in in/hr
A=Watershed area in acres

66
Q

Human Cone of Vision (the fixed eye)

A

Approximately 30 degrees vertically
and 60 degrees horizontally
with angles of acute vision somewhat less than this

67
Q

Surfacing and Paving
Climate

Hot Arid

A

A wide variety of materials are available in this climate zone.
Materials are typically light in color to avoid heat absorption, and may include glazed tiles and porous finishes due to low humidity and relatively stable temperature ranges.

68
Q

Surfacing and Paving
Climate

Hot Humid

A

Drainage is critical to prevent build-up of mosses and algae, and to account for intense periods or precipitation. Light colors are often used to avoid heat absorbtion. Stable temperatures provide for a wide variety of materials.

69
Q

Surfacing and Paving
Climate

Temperate

A

Darker colors are typical to absorb radiant solar energy. Frost/thaw cycles require care in aggregate base preparation and subdrainage. Heavy snow regions must account for abrasive cleaning practices. Mortared unit pavers required heavy maintenance in extensive applications.

70
Q

Surfacing and Paving
Climate

Cold

A

Cold climate areas require similar treatments as the temperate zone, but with more restrictions. Flexible pavements are preferred over rigid and mortared unit pavers. Reinforcing steel must be placed carefully to avoid damage through chemical assault, or extreme expansion coefficient differentials within concrete slabs and curbs.

71
Q

Surfacing and Paving
Subgrade

Well drained soils

A

These soils are ideal for construction with regard to permeability and bearing capacity and typically require only normal site preparation to serve as pavement subgrades

72
Q

Surfacing and Paving
Subgrade

Clay Soils

A

These colloidal soils are subject to swelling due to moisture infiltration and have a high potential for lateral shearing. Vibration from vehicular loading may produce a pumping action resulting in upward migration of fines into aggregate bases. Freeze/thaw actions create severe construction problems requiring dewatering, extra aggregate and fabric filtration and reinforcement.

73
Q

Surfacing and Paving
Subgrade

Roof Structures

A

Pavement design is highly restricted due to loading and drainage requirements. Special drain mats and insulation are typically required under finish pavement surfaces

74
Q

Mitigation options

A

Practicable actions that rectify, reduce over time, and compensate for impacts.

Involve the purchase and protection of existing wetland through conservation easements and deed restrictions. - “Preservation”

Mitigation can also involve improving the function and value of an existing degraded wetland and is referred to as “enhancement”

“Restoration” is putting back a wetland that once existed

“Creation” converting an upland or non wetland area to a wetland

Another option includes the purchase of “credit” is an approved mitigation bank, where wetlands have already been preserved or created ahead of project impacts, and sometimes by a third party

75
Q

Mitigation

A

Undertaken either on a project site or off-site, in close proximity and in the same watershed to where an impact occurred.

Requirement to have buffers.
(Buffer is area adjacent to wetland that functions to protect the wetland from adjacent land use disturbances)
Recommended buffer ranges in width depending upon buffer goal and level of wetland protection being achieved. Some literature specifies a minimum 1,000 feet for maintenance of high-quality wetlands. Within this dimension, buffers that are 50 to 100 feet wide can support some water quality improvements, while buffers of 100 to 350 feet or more can provide some wildlife habitat functions.

LARE Section 4 (6 decks)

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