Quick Notes Flashcards
1
Q
Grand Alliance
A
- 1941
- Marriage of convenience - common aim to defeat Nazi Germany
- Britain, US, USSR
2
Q
Tehran
A
- 1943
- The USA and Britain invade Europe from the West through France
- USSR invaded East
- Open the second front
- USSR + USA - invade Japan due to the Pearl Harbour
- Stalin gained Polish territory
3
Q
Yalta
A
- 1945 (Feb)
- Germany pay reparation (Stalin wanted Germany to be weak by paying $20 billion)
- Each part of Germany to be run by each alliance
- Germany demilitarised
- US and Britain wanted to have free elections in East Europe however USSR didn’t want this
- However agreed that Poland allowed in the Soviet Sphere of Influence’
4
Q
Potsdam
A
- 1945 (July)
- Change in leadership - (Truman didn’t want to comprise with USSR) & (UK - Atlee)
- Nazi party ban and war criminals prosecuted
- Berlin and Germany was divided between US, UK, USSR, France
- Truman wanted free elections in Eastern Europe and not to be liberated by Stalin
5
Q
Atomic Bomb
A
- 1945
- US used it on Hiroshima
- US used this as an advantage
6
Q
Long Telegram
A
- 1946
- Sent by George Kenan (US ambassador in USSR)
- Stated - Soviet Union was a threat to capitalism, needed to be destroyed and that the Soviet built military and nuclear power
7
Q
Novikov Telegram
A
- 1946
- Sent by Nikolai Novikov (USSR ambassador in US)
- Stated - USA wanted to be the greatest superpower, prepared for war and Soviet could only stop USA from becoming dominant
8
Q
Truman Doctrine
A
- 1947
- Truman gave a speech called the ‘Truman Doctrine’
- Truman was scared all the countries in Eastern Europe and Middle East was going to fall to communism (Domino effect)
- Iron curtain speech - 1946
9
Q
Marshall Plan
A
- 1947
- Economic assistance and encourage trade
- Stalin prevented communist nation from receiving Marshall aid
- Idea of containment (contain communism) - tried to isolate Eastern Europe from the West
- USSR viewed this as ‘Dollar Imperialism’
10
Q
Cominform
A
- 1947
- Tighten Soviet control
- Trade between communist countries
11
Q
Comecon
A
- 1948
- Financial aid to keep Eastern Bloc
12
Q
Warsaw Pact
A
- 1955
- Resist attack
- Important when Cominform disbanded in 1956
13
Q
NATO
A
- 1949
- Military alliance
- ‘Collective attack’ - if one nation is attacked, all countries will fight
14
Q
Berlin Crisis
A
- Jan 1947 - US + Britain zones joined (Bizona)
- April 1949 - US + Britain + France zone join (Trizona)
- Stalin upset - Used Marshall plan to rebuild Germany
- Made capitalism look better
- West Berlin was wealthier due to new currency ‘Deutschmark’
15
Q
Berlin Ultimatum
A
- Nov 1958
- Threaten to remove all US, British, French troops out of Berlin in 6 months
- Led to more conferences
16
Q
Geneva conference
A
- May 1959
- Seeking agreement on Berlin - however no solution
- Improved relations
17
Q
Camp David
A
- Sept 1959
- Khrushchev on US soil - respect for each other
- Ultimatum withdrawn
18
Q
Paris Summit
A
- 1960
- Agenda - nuclear weapons and Test Ban Treaty
- Before summit - America U2 plan shot down by USSR - Espionage - however claimed to be a weather plane
- At summit - Khrushchev wanted apology - Eisenhower denied and Khrushchev left
- Tension increased
19
Q
Berlin Wall
A
- August 1961
- To prevent Brain Drain (lure of west, brain drain, espionage)
- First a flimsy fence, then a concrete border
- Made USSR look bad
- June 1963 - Kennedy flew to West Berlin - ‘Berliner’ speech
20
Q
Cuban missile crisis (before)
A
- Cuba 145km away from US
- It was right wing
- US invested in Cuban Tobacco and sugar
21
Q
Cuban revolution
A
- 1959
- Baptista overthrown by Castro - communism rule
- Nationalised all US owned companies
- Castro drawn into communism due to USSR helping him as he asked for military support
22
Q
Bay of Pigs
A
- April 1961
- Plan to invade Cuba and overthrow communism
- CIA landed 1400 Cuban exiles to provoke uprising
- However, exiles had no military training so they were captured
- Castro was informed of this invasion and prepare with 2000 troops
23
Q
Cuban missile crisis
A
- Oct 1962
- US discovered missile site on Cuba
- Also found Soviet ships with nuclear missiles to Cuba
- Kennedy avoided invasion so blocked the Soviet ships
- USSR didn’t attack as it would result in war
- Compromised - US removed missile on Turkey if USSR remove missile on Cuba
24
Q
Cuban missile crisis showed…
A
- None wanted war
- Hotline created between US and USSR for easy communication
- USSR looked weaker than US
- Khrushchev removed as a leader
- USSR and Cuban relations improved
25
Q
Limited Test Ban Treaty
A
- Aug 1963
- Cannot test above ground
26
Q
Outer Space Treaty
A
- 1967
- Can’t test above Earth surface
27
Q
Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty
A
- 1668
- Stop US and USSR sharing nuclear missiles
28
Q
SALT 1
A
- 1972
- Strategic arms limitation treaty
- Nuclear weapons limitation treaty
- No new ICBM’s (only replaced)
- No new nuclear launch site
- No nuclear submarine
- Showed collaboration and paused arms race
29
Q
Other agreement
A
- US + USSR agreed on two Anti Ballistic Missile
- So both remain vulnerable (cannot block missile)
- MAD was mutual
30
Q
Helsinki
A
- 1975
- Helsinki Accord - signed by 35 countries
- Basket 1 - Borders couldn’t be broke
- Basket 2 - Promote trade over Iron Curtain - develop economic dependence - less likely war
- Basket 3 - Respect human rights
However - not official as USSR and Brezhnev Doctrine and US intervene in Latin America
31
Q
SALT 2
A
- 1979
- Stop developing new missile programme
- Allowed 1,320 long range missile
32
Q
Ronald Reagan
A
- 1981
- Anti communist
- Stars Wars - nuclear system - 1983
- System of satellites to shoot any missiles
- Swing nuclear balance to US favour
33
Q
Gorbachev reforms
A
- Perestroika - restructuring
- Living standards low - due to money spent on arms
- Wanted to end Afghan war
Glasnost - openness - greater freedom
34
Q
Soviet collapse
A
- Brezhnev Doctrine ended - 1988
- Needed to revive economy
- Warsaw Pact and Arms race cost
- 1988 - wouldn’t use Warsaw Pact and army to control satellite states
