Quick Facts Flashcards
Most common cause of neural tube defects?
Folate deficiency.
Most common cause of congenital malformations in the US?
EtOH.
Most common cause of congenital MR in the US?
Fetal alcohol syndrome.
Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation? The defect is in which protein?
Marfan syndrome.
Defect in fibrillin.
Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss. Defect is in?
Alport syndrome.
Defect in collagen IV.
Unilateral facial drooping involving the forehead. Ddx.
Bell’s palsy.
Ddx is stroke, forehead usually spared.
Ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis.
Horner syndrome.
Amyloid deposits in gray matter of the brain:
Alzheimers.
Drooling farmer:
Organophosphate poisoning.
Inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance:
Sheehan syndrome.
Infertility, galactorrhea, bitemporal hemianopsia:
Prolactinoma.
Most common causes of Cushing syndrome (3):
- Exogenous steroids
- Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor
- ACTH-secreting tumor in pituitary
Most common tumor of the adrenal:
Benign non-functional adenoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults:
Pheochromocytoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in kids:
Adrenal neuroblastoma
Medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism:
Spironolactone / eplerenone
Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma:
Phenoxybenzamine / phentolamine
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, hyperparathyroidism:
MEN 2A
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, mucosal neuromas:
MEN 2B
Adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation:
Addison disease
HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis:
Conn syndrome
Most common thyroid cancer:
Papillary
Cold intolerance
Hypothyroid
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei:
Papillary thyroid cancer
Standard tx for DKA:
Fluids, insulin (IV), K+
Standard treatment for DM 1:
Standard treatment for DM 2:
DM 1: Insulin, low sugar diet
DM 2: Weight loss, exercise, oral agents
Dysphagia, glossitis, iron deficiency anemia.
Plummer-Vinson
Hematemesis with retching:
Mallory-Weiss tear, or Boerhaev’s
Mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus:
Signet ring cell
Most common type of stomach cancer:
Adenocarcinoma
Ovarian metastasis from gastric cancer:
Kruckenberg tumor
Gastic ulcerations and high gastrin levels:
Zollinger-Ellison
Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma:
Cushing ulcer
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns:
Curling ulcer
Painless jaundice:
Pancreatic cancer (especially in the head)
Most common cause of acute pancreatitis:
Gallstones, followed by EtOH.
Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis:
EtOH.
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, and hyperpigmentation:
Whipple’s disease (Tropheryma whipplei)
Anti-transglutaminase / anti-gliadin / anti-endomysial Ab:
Celiac disease
Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes:
Fatty liver
Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes:
Mallory bodies
Cancer closely linked to cirrhosis:
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate:
Crigler-Najjar type I
Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia, most common cause:
Gilbert syndrome
Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites, no JVD:
Budd-Chiari
Green / yellow corneal deposits:
Wilson disease
Low serum ceruloplasmin:
Wilson disease
Cirrhosis, diabetes, and hypertension:
Hemocrhromatosis
Treatment for chronic hepatitis:
IFN-a
Most common infections seen in chronic granulomatous disease:
Catalase (+)
Eczema, recurrent URI, high serum IgE:
Job’s syndrome = Hyper IgE
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes:
Chediak-Hegashi
Dark purple nodules on the skin of an HIV patient:
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Large cells with owl’s eye inclusions:
CMV
Treatment for CMV:
Ganciclovir
Most common opportunisitic infection in HIV patients:
PCP
Drug used to prevent pneumocystis pneumonia:
TMP-SMX
Preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation:
Heparin
Preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation:
Warfarin
Preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy:
Heparin
Boy who self-mutilates, mental retardation, gout:
Lesch-Nyhan
Elevated uric acid levels (3):
Loop / thiazide diuretics
Gout
Lesch-Nyhan
Causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia:
Can’t fill up the cell:
Fe deficiency
Thalassemia
Pb poisoning (interferes with Fe)
Hypersegmented neutrophils:
Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia
Fe or B12
Skull x-ray with a “hair on end” appearance:
Sickle cell
Beta thal. major
Basophilic stippling of RBCs:
Pb poisoning
Painful cyanosis of fingers and toes, with hemolytic anemia:
Cold agglutinin
Red urine in the morning, fragile RBCs:
PNH
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs:
Howell-Jolly bodies
Autosplenectomy
SS
Drug used to treat sickle cell disease:
Hydroxyurea
Antiplatelet antibodies:
ITP
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency:
Bernard-Soulier
Most common inherited bleeding disorder:
vW disease
Cancer most commonly associated with a non-infectious fever:
Hodgkin lymphoma
“Smudge” cells:
CLL
“Punched out” lytic bone lesions:
Multiple myeloma
Sheets of lymphoid cells with a “starry sky” appearance:
Burkitt’s lymphoma
RBCs clumped together like a stack of coins / poker chips:
Rouleaux formation
Multiple myeloma
Monoclonal antibody spike:
Multiple myeloma
also MGUS, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
Reddish-pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts:
Auer rods
AML
Large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent “owl’s eye inclusions”:
Reed-Sternberg cells
Hodgkin lymphoma
Treatment of choice for rickets and osteomalacia:
Vitamin D
Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on the skin:
Scurvy
Most common cancer of the appendix:
Carcinoid
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands:
Peutz-Jehgers syndrome
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors:
Gardners syndrome
Severe RLQ pain with rebound:
McBurney’s sign
Appendicitis
“Apple core” lesion on barium enema:
Colon cancer
Most common site of colonic diverticula:
Sigmoid
“String sign” on contrast X-ray:
Chron’s disease
“Lead pipe” appearance of colon on contrast X-ray:
Ulcerative colitis
Food poisoning due to exotoxin:
Staph aureus
Bacillus cereus
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease:
Salmonella
Ring-enhancing brain lesion in a patient with HIV:
Toxoplasma gondii
Treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis:
Metronidazole
For both partners.
Most common protozoal diarrhea:
Giardia lamblia
Chronic sinusitis, infertility, and situs inversus:
Kartagener’s
Elevated d-dimer, setting of lung pathology:
Pulmonary embolism
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood:
Virchow’s triad
Blue bloater
Chronic bronchitis
Pink puffer
Emphysema
Curschmann’s spirals
Asthma
Most common cause of pulmonary hypertension:
COPD
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis:
Sarcoidosis
Vasculitis and glomerulonephritis:
Goodpasture’s (Wegener’s too)
Anti-glomerular basement membrane Ab:
Goodpasture syndrome
Honeycomb lung on x-ray:
Interstitial fibrosis
“Tennis racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles:
Birbeck granules
Psammoma bodies, four pathologic processes:
PSMM: Papillary thyroid cancer Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary Meningioma Mesothelioma
Most common causes of nosocomial pneumonia:
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas
Lung cancer associated with SIADH:
Small / oat cell carcinoma of the lung
Iron-containing nodules in the alveolar septum:
Ferruginous bodies
Asbestosis
Most common bacteria implicated in exotoxin-mediated food poisonings:
Staph. aureus
Bacillus cereus is a close second
Branching gram (+) rods with sulfur granules:
Actinomyces israelii
Calcified granuloma in the lung, hilar LAD:
Gohn complex, TB
Back pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss:
Pott’s disease
Standard treatment regimen for TB:
RIPE Rifampin Isoniazid (+ pyridoxime, B6) Pyrazinamide Ethambutol
Strandard treatment for T. pallidum:
Penicillin G
Cellulitis from a dog or cat bite:
Pasturella multocida
Non-painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion:
Chancre
T. pallidum, primary syphilis
Moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion:
Condyloma latum
Large bull’s-eye rash:
Erythema chronicum migracans
Diseases with Bell’s palsy as a complication (6):
my Lovely Belle Had An STD: Lyme Herpes zoster AIDS Sarcoid Tumor Diabetes
Continuous machinery-like murmur:
PDA
“Boot-shaped heart” in an infant:
Tetralogy of Fallot
RVH
Rib notching:
Coarctation of the aorta
Most common congenital cardiac anomaly:
VSD
Most common congenital cause of early cyanosis:
Tetralogy of Fallot
Cor pulmonale:
R-sided heart failure secondary to pulmonary disease
Nutmeg liver
Passive congestion, two causes:
- R sided heart failure
- Budd-Chiari syndrome
Bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic murmur:
Aortic regurgitation
Most common congenital heart murmur:
Mitral valve prolapse
Splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails:
Bacterial endocarditis
Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers:
Roth spots
Seen in bacterial endocarditis
Heart valve most commonly involved in bacterial endocarditis:
Mitral valve
Heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with bacterial endocarditis:
Tricuspid valve
Granulomatous nodules in the heart:
Aschoff bodies
Seen in rheumatic fever
Most common cardiac tumor in adults:
Metastases
Most common primary cardiac tumor in children:
In adults:
Rhabdomyoma
L atrial myxoma
Most common cause of constrictive pericarditis:
Lupus (in the U.S.)
TB (in developing countries)
Cold, pale, painful digits:
Raynaud’s phenomenon
c-ANCA:
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Wegener’s
p-ANCA:
Microscopic polyangiitis
Treatment for Buerger disease:
Stop smoking
Treatment for temporal arteritis:
High-dose corticosteroids
Bone enlargement, bone, pain, arthritis:
Paget’s disease of the bone
Vertebral compression fractures:
Osteoporosis
Most common cause of hypercalcemia:
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism:
Parathyroid adenoma
Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism:
Chronic renal failure
remember this causes hyPOcalcemia
Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism:
Accidental parathyroidectomy during thyroid surgery
Facial muscle spasm when tapping on the cheek:
Chvostek’s sign
Sign of hypercalcemia
Parathyroid, pancreatic, pituitary tumors:
MEN1
Positive anterior drawer sign:
ACL tear
Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint:
Podagra
Gout
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints:
Osteoarthritis
Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints:
Rheumatoid arthritis
Arthritis, dry mouth, dry eyes:
Sjogren’s
Positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals:
Pseudogout
Negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals:
Gout
Cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath:
Eburnation seen with osteoarthritis
Bamboo spine on X-ray:
Ankylosing spondylitis
HLA-B27:
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies
Anti-Smith / anti-dsDNA Ab:
Lupus
Anti-histone Ab:
Drug-induced lupus
Anti-centromere Ab:
CREST
Anti-topoisomerase Ab:
Diffuse systemic scleroderma
Facial rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a young woman:
Lupus
Most common cause of death in SLE:
Lupus nephritis
Most common cardiac manifestation of SLE:
Libman-Sachs endocarditis
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients:
Pneumocystis
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy:
Squamous cell cancer
Most common malignant skin tumor:
Basal cell carcinoma
Prophylaxis for Cryptococcus in AIDS patients:
Fluconazole
Prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS patients:
TMP-SMX
alternative: clinda + primaquine for people with sulfa allergies, or pentamidine, dapsone
Treatment for Sporothrix schenckii:
Oral potassium iodide
Treatment for oral candidiasis:
Nystatin
Fluconazole if severe
Treatment for systemic candidiasis:
Amphotericin B
Treatment for central DI:
Desmopressin
Treatment for nephrogenic DI:
HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride
Treatment for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI:
Amiloride
Nodular hyaline deposits in the glomeruli:
Kimmelsteil-Wilson nodules
DM
Glomerulonephritis plus pulmonary vasculitis:
Wegener’s
Goodpasture
Red cell casts:
Glomerulonephritis
Waxy casts:
Chronic renal failure
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney:
Chronic pyelonephritis
Most common renal tumor:
Renal cell carcinoma
Most common type of renal stone:
Calcium
Type of renal stone associated with Proteus vulgaris:
Struvite
Most common medication used for UTI prophylaxis:
TMP-SMX
Most common bacterium present in a patient with struvite kidney stones:
Proteus
Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient:
Kaposi’s sarcoma
HHV-8
Temporal lobe encephalitis:
HSV-1
Owl’s eye inclusions in monocytes:
CMV
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplets, setting of viral infection:
Type A Cowdry bodies
HSV / CMV infection
Aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient:
Parvovirus B19
Child with a fever and “slapped cheek” rash on the face, spreading to the body:
Fifth disease, parvovirus B19
