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Quick Facts Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Most common cause of neural tube defects?

A

Folate deficiency.

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2
Q

Most common cause of congenital malformations in the US?

A

EtOH.

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3
Q

Most common cause of congenital MR in the US?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome.

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4
Q

Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation? The defect is in which protein?

A

Marfan syndrome.

Defect in fibrillin.

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5
Q

Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss. Defect is in?

A

Alport syndrome.

Defect in collagen IV.

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6
Q

Unilateral facial drooping involving the forehead. Ddx.

A

Bell’s palsy.

Ddx is stroke, forehead usually spared.

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7
Q

Ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis.

A

Horner syndrome.

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8
Q

Amyloid deposits in gray matter of the brain:

A

Alzheimers.

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9
Q

Drooling farmer:

A

Organophosphate poisoning.

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10
Q

Inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance:

A

Sheehan syndrome.

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11
Q

Infertility, galactorrhea, bitemporal hemianopsia:

A

Prolactinoma.

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12
Q

Most common causes of Cushing syndrome (3):

A
  1. Exogenous steroids
  2. Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor
  3. ACTH-secreting tumor in pituitary
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13
Q

Most common tumor of the adrenal:

A

Benign non-functional adenoma

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14
Q

Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults:

A

Pheochromocytoma

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15
Q

Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in kids:

A

Adrenal neuroblastoma

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16
Q

Medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism:

A

Spironolactone / eplerenone

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17
Q

Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma:

A

Phenoxybenzamine / phentolamine

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18
Q

Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, hyperparathyroidism:

A

MEN 2A

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19
Q

Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, mucosal neuromas:

A

MEN 2B

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20
Q

Adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation:

A

Addison disease

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21
Q

HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis:

A

Conn syndrome

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22
Q

Most common thyroid cancer:

A

Papillary

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23
Q

Cold intolerance

A

Hypothyroid

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24
Q

Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei:

A

Papillary thyroid cancer

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25
Q

Standard tx for DKA:

A

Fluids, insulin (IV), K+

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26
Q

Standard treatment for DM 1:

Standard treatment for DM 2:

A

DM 1: Insulin, low sugar diet

DM 2: Weight loss, exercise, oral agents

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27
Q

Dysphagia, glossitis, iron deficiency anemia.

A

Plummer-Vinson

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28
Q

Hematemesis with retching:

A

Mallory-Weiss tear, or Boerhaev’s

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29
Q

Mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus:

A

Signet ring cell

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30
Q

Most common type of stomach cancer:

A

Adenocarcinoma

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31
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric cancer:

A

Kruckenberg tumor

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32
Q

Gastic ulcerations and high gastrin levels:

A

Zollinger-Ellison

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33
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma:

A

Cushing ulcer

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34
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns:

A

Curling ulcer

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35
Q

Painless jaundice:

A

Pancreatic cancer (especially in the head)

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36
Q

Most common cause of acute pancreatitis:

A

Gallstones, followed by EtOH.

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37
Q

Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis:

A

EtOH.

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38
Q

Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, and hyperpigmentation:

A

Whipple’s disease (Tropheryma whipplei)

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39
Q

Anti-transglutaminase / anti-gliadin / anti-endomysial Ab:

A

Celiac disease

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40
Q

Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes:

A

Fatty liver

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41
Q

Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes:

A

Mallory bodies

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42
Q

Cancer closely linked to cirrhosis:

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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43
Q

Severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate:

A

Crigler-Najjar type I

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44
Q

Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia, most common cause:

A

Gilbert syndrome

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45
Q

Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites, no JVD:

A

Budd-Chiari

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46
Q

Green / yellow corneal deposits:

A

Wilson disease

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47
Q

Low serum ceruloplasmin:

A

Wilson disease

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48
Q

Cirrhosis, diabetes, and hypertension:

A

Hemocrhromatosis

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49
Q

Treatment for chronic hepatitis:

A

IFN-a

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50
Q

Most common infections seen in chronic granulomatous disease:

A

Catalase (+)

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51
Q

Eczema, recurrent URI, high serum IgE:

A

Job’s syndrome = Hyper IgE

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52
Q

Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes:

A

Chediak-Hegashi

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53
Q

Dark purple nodules on the skin of an HIV patient:

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

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54
Q

Large cells with owl’s eye inclusions:

A

CMV

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55
Q

Treatment for CMV:

A

Ganciclovir

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56
Q

Most common opportunisitic infection in HIV patients:

A

PCP

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57
Q

Drug used to prevent pneumocystis pneumonia:

A

TMP-SMX

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58
Q

Preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation:

A

Heparin

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59
Q

Preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation:

A

Warfarin

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60
Q

Preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy:

A

Heparin

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61
Q

Boy who self-mutilates, mental retardation, gout:

A

Lesch-Nyhan

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62
Q

Elevated uric acid levels (3):

A

Loop / thiazide diuretics
Gout
Lesch-Nyhan

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63
Q

Causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia:

A

Can’t fill up the cell:
Fe deficiency
Thalassemia
Pb poisoning (interferes with Fe)

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64
Q

Hypersegmented neutrophils:

A

Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia

Fe or B12

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65
Q

Skull x-ray with a “hair on end” appearance:

A

Sickle cell

Beta thal. major

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66
Q

Basophilic stippling of RBCs:

A

Pb poisoning

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67
Q

Painful cyanosis of fingers and toes, with hemolytic anemia:

A

Cold agglutinin

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68
Q

Red urine in the morning, fragile RBCs:

A

PNH

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69
Q

Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs:

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

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70
Q

Autosplenectomy

A

SS

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71
Q

Drug used to treat sickle cell disease:

A

Hydroxyurea

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72
Q

Antiplatelet antibodies:

A

ITP

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73
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency:

A

Bernard-Soulier

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74
Q

Most common inherited bleeding disorder:

A

vW disease

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75
Q

Cancer most commonly associated with a non-infectious fever:

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

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76
Q

“Smudge” cells:

A

CLL

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77
Q

“Punched out” lytic bone lesions:

A

Multiple myeloma

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78
Q

Sheets of lymphoid cells with a “starry sky” appearance:

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

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79
Q

RBCs clumped together like a stack of coins / poker chips:

A

Rouleaux formation

Multiple myeloma

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80
Q

Monoclonal antibody spike:

A

Multiple myeloma

also MGUS, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia

81
Q

Reddish-pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts:

A

Auer rods

AML

82
Q

Large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent “owl’s eye inclusions”:

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

Hodgkin lymphoma

83
Q

Treatment of choice for rickets and osteomalacia:

A

Vitamin D

84
Q

Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on the skin:

A

Scurvy

85
Q

Most common cancer of the appendix:

A

Carcinoid

86
Q

GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands:

A

Peutz-Jehgers syndrome

87
Q

Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors:

A

Gardners syndrome

88
Q

Severe RLQ pain with rebound:

A

McBurney’s sign

Appendicitis

89
Q

“Apple core” lesion on barium enema:

A

Colon cancer

90
Q

Most common site of colonic diverticula:

A

Sigmoid

91
Q

“String sign” on contrast X-ray:

A

Chron’s disease

92
Q

“Lead pipe” appearance of colon on contrast X-ray:

A

Ulcerative colitis

93
Q

Food poisoning due to exotoxin:

A

Staph aureus

Bacillus cereus

94
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease:

A

Salmonella

95
Q

Ring-enhancing brain lesion in a patient with HIV:

A

Toxoplasma gondii

96
Q

Treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis:

A

Metronidazole

For both partners.

97
Q

Most common protozoal diarrhea:

A

Giardia lamblia

98
Q

Chronic sinusitis, infertility, and situs inversus:

A

Kartagener’s

99
Q

Elevated d-dimer, setting of lung pathology:

A

Pulmonary embolism

100
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood:

A

Virchow’s triad

101
Q

Blue bloater

A

Chronic bronchitis

102
Q

Pink puffer

A

Emphysema

103
Q

Curschmann’s spirals

A

Asthma

104
Q

Most common cause of pulmonary hypertension:

A

COPD

105
Q

Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis:

A

Sarcoidosis

106
Q

Vasculitis and glomerulonephritis:

A

Goodpasture’s (Wegener’s too)

107
Q

Anti-glomerular basement membrane Ab:

A

Goodpasture syndrome

108
Q

Honeycomb lung on x-ray:

A

Interstitial fibrosis

109
Q

“Tennis racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles:

A

Birbeck granules

110
Q

Psammoma bodies, four pathologic processes:

A 
PSMM:
Papillary thyroid cancer
Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
Meningioma
Mesothelioma
111
Q

Most common causes of nosocomial pneumonia:

A

Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas

112
Q

Lung cancer associated with SIADH:

A

Small / oat cell carcinoma of the lung

113
Q

Iron-containing nodules in the alveolar septum:

A

Ferruginous bodies

Asbestosis

114
Q

Most common bacteria implicated in exotoxin-mediated food poisonings:

A

Staph. aureus

Bacillus cereus is a close second

115
Q

Branching gram (+) rods with sulfur granules:

A

Actinomyces israelii

116
Q

Calcified granuloma in the lung, hilar LAD:

A

Gohn complex, TB

117
Q

Back pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss:

A

Pott’s disease

118
Q

Standard treatment regimen for TB:

A 
RIPE
Rifampin
Isoniazid (+ pyridoxime, B6)
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
119
Q

Strandard treatment for T. pallidum:

A

Penicillin G

120
Q

Cellulitis from a dog or cat bite:

A

Pasturella multocida

121
Q

Non-painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion:

A

Chancre

T. pallidum, primary syphilis

122
Q

Moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion:

A

Condyloma latum

123
Q

Large bull’s-eye rash:

A

Erythema chronicum migracans

124
Q

Diseases with Bell’s palsy as a complication (6):

A 
my Lovely Belle Had An STD:
Lyme
Herpes zoster
AIDS
Sarcoid
Tumor
Diabetes
125
Q

Continuous machinery-like murmur:

A

PDA

126
Q

“Boot-shaped heart” in an infant:

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

RVH

127
Q

Rib notching:

A

Coarctation of the aorta

128
Q

Most common congenital cardiac anomaly:

A

VSD

129
Q

Most common congenital cause of early cyanosis:

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

130
Q

Cor pulmonale:

A

R-sided heart failure secondary to pulmonary disease

131
Q

Nutmeg liver

A

Passive congestion, two causes:

  1. R sided heart failure
  2. Budd-Chiari syndrome
132
Q

Bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic murmur:

A

Aortic regurgitation

133
Q

Most common congenital heart murmur:

A

Mitral valve prolapse

134
Q

Splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails:

A

Bacterial endocarditis

135
Q

Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers:

A

Roth spots

Seen in bacterial endocarditis

136
Q

Heart valve most commonly involved in bacterial endocarditis:

A

Mitral valve

137
Q

Heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with bacterial endocarditis:

A

Tricuspid valve

138
Q

Granulomatous nodules in the heart:

A

Aschoff bodies

Seen in rheumatic fever

139
Q

Most common cardiac tumor in adults:

A

Metastases

140
Q

Most common primary cardiac tumor in children:

In adults:

A

Rhabdomyoma

L atrial myxoma

141
Q

Most common cause of constrictive pericarditis:

A

Lupus (in the U.S.)

TB (in developing countries)

142
Q

Cold, pale, painful digits:

A

Raynaud’s phenomenon

143
Q

c-ANCA:

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Wegener’s

144
Q

p-ANCA:

A

Microscopic polyangiitis

145
Q

Treatment for Buerger disease:

A

Stop smoking

146
Q

Treatment for temporal arteritis:

A

High-dose corticosteroids

147
Q

Bone enlargement, bone, pain, arthritis:

A

Paget’s disease of the bone

148
Q

Vertebral compression fractures:

A

Osteoporosis

149
Q

Most common cause of hypercalcemia:

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

150
Q

Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism:

A

Parathyroid adenoma

151
Q

Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism:

A

Chronic renal failure

remember this causes hyPOcalcemia

152
Q

Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism:

A

Accidental parathyroidectomy during thyroid surgery

153
Q

Facial muscle spasm when tapping on the cheek:

A

Chvostek’s sign

Sign of hypercalcemia

154
Q

Parathyroid, pancreatic, pituitary tumors:

A

MEN1

155
Q

Positive anterior drawer sign:

A

ACL tear

156
Q

Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint:

A

Podagra

Gout

157
Q

Swollen, hard, painful finger joints:

A

Osteoarthritis

158
Q

Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints:

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

159
Q

Arthritis, dry mouth, dry eyes:

A

Sjogren’s

160
Q

Positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals:

A

Pseudogout

161
Q

Negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals:

A

Gout

162
Q

Cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath:

A

Eburnation seen with osteoarthritis

163
Q

Bamboo spine on X-ray:

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

164
Q

HLA-B27:

A

Seronegative spondyloarthropathies

165
Q

Anti-Smith / anti-dsDNA Ab:

A

Lupus

166
Q

Anti-histone Ab:

A

Drug-induced lupus

167
Q

Anti-centromere Ab:

A

CREST

168
Q

Anti-topoisomerase Ab:

A

Diffuse systemic scleroderma

169
Q

Facial rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a young woman:

A

Lupus

170
Q

Most common cause of death in SLE:

A

Lupus nephritis

171
Q

Most common cardiac manifestation of SLE:

A

Libman-Sachs endocarditis

172
Q

Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients:

A

Pneumocystis

173
Q

Keratin pearls on skin biopsy:

A

Squamous cell cancer

174
Q

Most common malignant skin tumor:

A

Basal cell carcinoma

175
Q

Prophylaxis for Cryptococcus in AIDS patients:

A

Fluconazole

176
Q

Prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS patients:

A

TMP-SMX

alternative: clinda + primaquine for people with sulfa allergies, or pentamidine, dapsone

177
Q

Treatment for Sporothrix schenckii:

A

Oral potassium iodide

178
Q

Treatment for oral candidiasis:

A

Nystatin

Fluconazole if severe

179
Q

Treatment for systemic candidiasis:

A

Amphotericin B

180
Q

Treatment for central DI:

A

Desmopressin

181
Q

Treatment for nephrogenic DI:

A

HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride

182
Q

Treatment for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI:

A

Amiloride

183
Q

Nodular hyaline deposits in the glomeruli:

A

Kimmelsteil-Wilson nodules

DM

184
Q

Glomerulonephritis plus pulmonary vasculitis:

A

Wegener’s

Goodpasture

185
Q

Red cell casts:

A

Glomerulonephritis

186
Q

Waxy casts:

A

Chronic renal failure

187
Q

Thyroid-like appearance of kidney:

A

Chronic pyelonephritis

188
Q

Most common renal tumor:

A

Renal cell carcinoma

189
Q

Most common type of renal stone:

A

Calcium

190
Q

Type of renal stone associated with Proteus vulgaris:

A

Struvite

191
Q

Most common medication used for UTI prophylaxis:

A

TMP-SMX

192
Q

Most common bacterium present in a patient with struvite kidney stones:

A

Proteus

193
Q

Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient:

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

HHV-8

194
Q

Temporal lobe encephalitis:

A

HSV-1

195
Q

Owl’s eye inclusions in monocytes:

A

CMV

196
Q

Intranuclear eosinophilic droplets, setting of viral infection:

A

Type A Cowdry bodies

HSV / CMV infection

197
Q

Aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient:

A

Parvovirus B19

198
Q

Child with a fever and “slapped cheek” rash on the face, spreading to the body:

A

Fifth disease, parvovirus B19

USMLE Step 1 (18 decks)

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