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USMLE Step 1 > MIcrobiology: Parasites > Flashcards

MIcrobiology: Parasites Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling stools:

A

Giardia lamblia

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2
Q

Pear-shaped organism with tumbling motility:

A

Giardia lamblia

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3
Q

Treatment for Giardia infection:

A

Metronidazole

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4
Q

Organisms you treat with flagyl (6):

A 
Flagyl = metronidazole
GET GAP for metro
Giardia
Entamoeba
Trichomonase
Gardnerella
Anaerobic bacteria
H. Pylori
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5
Q

Two nuclei in the trophozoite form, causes diarrhea in hikers:

A

Giardia

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6
Q

This protozoal infection causes liver abscesses:

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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7
Q

Blood diarrhea with RUQ pain:

A

Entamoeba histolytica

Remember that it causes liver abscess

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8
Q

Describe the colonic abscesses associated with Entamoeba infection

A

Flask-shaped ulcers with a wide base and narrow mouth

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9
Q

Treatment for Entamoeba infection (2 part):

A

Metronidazole kills amoebae

Iodoquinol kills the cysts

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10
Q

Is chlorine effective in preventing Cryptosporidium infection?

A

No.

Filtration only.

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11
Q

Cysts seen on acid-fast stain:

A

Cryptosporidium

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12
Q

In AIDS patients:
Cryptococcus: Diarrhea or meningitis?
Cryptosporidium: Diarrhea or meningitis?

A

Cryptosporidium -> diarrhea

Cryptococcus -> meningitis

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13
Q

Treatment for Cryptosporidium?

A

Trick question, there isn’t one.

Prevention is the name of the game.

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14
Q

How do you diagnose Entamoeba infection (3):

A

Serology OR
Trophozoites containing RBCs in the blood OR
Multi-nucleated cysts in the stool

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15
Q

Trophozoites containing RBCs:

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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16
Q

Brain abscesses in HIV, ring-enhancing lesions:

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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17
Q

Classic triad for congenital toxo:

A

Chorioretinitis
Hydrocephalus
Intracranial calcifications

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18
Q

Treatment for Toxoplasmosis (2):

A

Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine

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19
Q

This protozoan causes a rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis:
Where do you get it?
How is it diagnosed?

A

Naegleria fowleri
From freshwater lakes, up through cribiform plate
Spinal fluid has amoebae

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20
Q

Organism causing African sleeping sickness:

A

Trypanosoma brucei, gambiense, or rhodesiense

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21
Q

Treatment for African sleeping sickness:

A

“SUR is nice to take MELAtonin for sleep”
Suramin (for blood-borne disease)
Melarsoprol for CNS infection

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22
Q

Diagnosis of Toxoplasma (2):

A

Serology

Biopsy

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23
Q

Diagnosis of Trypanosoma infection:

A

Blood smear

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24
Q

This malaria species has a 48-hr fever cycle.

Malaria species with a 72-hr cycle?

A

Plasmodium vivax / ovale = 48hr

Plasmodium malariae = 72 hr cycle

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25
Q

This malarial form has no dormant liver form, whereas these two do:

A

P. falciparum = no dormant form.

P. malariae and vivax/ovale = have a dormant liver form

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26
Q

Banana-shaped gametocyte:

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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27
Q

RBC filled with merozoites:

A

Malaria

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28
Q

What is a hypnozoite?

How do you treat it?

A

Hypnozoite = resting liver form of malaria seen in vivax/ovale and malariae forms.
Tx is with primaquine

29
Q

The ring form of this parasite can be confused with malaria, why?
How do you tell the two apart?

A

Babesia’s ring form looks like the banana-shaped gametocyte of P. falciparum.
Babesia does not have hemazoin pigment deposits.

30
Q

Maltese cross on blood smear:

A

Babesia

31
Q

Treatment for babesiosis:

A

Atovaquone + azithromycin

32
Q

Chagas’ disease, three common findings:

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy
Megacolon
Magaesophagus (secondary achalasia)

33
Q

Treatment for Chagas:

A

Nifurtimox

34
Q

Macrophages containing amastigotes:

What is an amastigote?

A

Leishmania donovani

Amastigote = non-flagellated form of the organism

35
Q

Ulcerating papules, transmitted by the sandfly:

A

Leishmania donovani

36
Q

Spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia:

A

Leishmania

37
Q

Treatment for leishmaniasis:

A 
Cutaneous = sodium stibogluconate
Systemic = liposomal amphotericin B
38
Q

Pinworm:

A

Enterobius vermicularis

39
Q

Giant roundworm:

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

40
Q

Hookworm:

A

Ancylostoma, Necator

41
Q

Most common helminth infection in the US:

In the world:

A 
US = Enterobius = pinworm
World = Ascaris = giant roundworm
42
Q

Treatment for Strongyloides infection:

A

Ivermectin, albendazole

43
Q

These worms infect by penetrating skin:

A 
SANd
Strongyloides
Ancylostoma
Necator
d
44
Q

These worms are transmitted via fecal-oral route:

A

EAT
Enterobius
Ascaris
Trichinella

45
Q

River blindness:
How is it transmitted?
Two features:

A

Onchocera
Female blackfly bite
Tx = ivermectin

46
Q

Worm in conjunctiva:

A

Loa loa

47
Q

Causes lymphatic filariasis:

A

Wuchereria

48
Q

Huge hydrocele, transmitted by a female mosquito, how do you treat it?

A

This is elephantiasis caused by Wucheria, treat with diethylcarbamazine

49
Q

Myositis and periorbital edema after eating undercooked bear:

A

Trichinella
Lives in muscles, dx by biopsy
From undercooked wild game or pork

50
Q

New onset of neurologic symptoms in a young immigrant:

A

Taenia solium, think neurocysticercosis

51
Q

Treatment for neurocysticercosis:

A

Praziquantel +

Bendazoles

52
Q

How is Taenia solium transmitted to people?

A

Ingestion of undercooked pork (larvae)

Ingestion of eggs (fecal-oral)

53
Q

Came from dog feces, hyadatid cysts in liver:

A

Echinococcus

54
Q

Leak of liver cyst contents caused anaphylaxis:

A

Echinococcus

55
Q

Ate a raw freshwater fish and got vitamin B12 deficiency:

A

Diphyllobothrium

56
Q

Blood fluke:

A

Schistosoma

57
Q

Snail host:

A

Schistosoma

58
Q

Undercooked fish, causes pigmented gallstones:

A

Clonorchis

59
Q

Brain cysts, seizures:

A

Taenia (tapeworm)

60
Q

Liver cysts:

A

Echinococcus (tapeworm)

61
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency:

A

Diphyllobothrium (tapeworm)

62
Q

Biliary tract disease and cholangiocarcinoma:

A

Clonorchis (fluke)

63
Q

Hemoptysis, crab meat:

A

Paragonimus (the “lung” fluke)

64
Q

Portal HTN:

A

Schistosoma mansoni (blood fluke)

65
Q

Hematuria and bladder cancer:

A

Schistosoma haematobium (a blood fluke)

66
Q

Microcytic anemia:

A

Ancylostoma &
Necator, both roundworms
Both suck blood from intestinal walls

67
Q

Perianal pruritis:

A

Enterobius

68
Q

What happens if you drink alcohol while on flagyl?

A

Disulfarim-like reaction, feel awful

69
Q

Anaerobic infections below the diaphragm you treat with:

Above the diaphragm you treat with:

A 
Below = metronidazole
Above = clindamycin

USMLE Step 1 (18 decks)

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