quick definitions and equations

Question 1

alicyclic

Answer 1

containing carbon atoms joined together in a ring that is not aromatic

Question 2

aliphatic

Answer 2

containing carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains

Question 3

ionic bond

Answer 3

the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions

Question 4

homolytic fission

Answer 4

breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals

Question 5

acid

Answer 5

a species that releases H+ ions in an aqueous solution

Question 6

activation energy

Answer 6

the minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds

Question 7

alkali

Answer 7

a type of base that dissolves in water, forming hydroxide ions OH-

Question 8

atomic orbital

Answer 8

a region around the nucleus that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins

Question 9

electrophile

Answer 9

electron deficient
attracted to an electron rich atom - nucleophile
accepts a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond

Question 10

standard solution

Answer 10

a solution of a concentration which is accurately known

Question 11

homogulous series

Answer 11

a family of compounds with the same chemical properties, differing by a CH2 group

Question 12

heterolytic fission

Answer 12

breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to the same atom, forming a cation and a anion

Question 13

neutralisation

Answer 13

a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react together to produce a salt

Question 14

nucleophile

Answer 14

electron rich
attracted to an electron deficient atom - electrophile
donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond

Question 15

π bond

Answer 15

a bond formed by the sideways overlap of two p-orbitals, with the electron density above and below the plane of the bonding atoms

Question 16

curly arrow

Answer 16

shows the direction of movement of a pair (fully headed arrow) of electrons

Question 17

relative isotopic mass

Answer 17

the mass of an atom of an isotope relative to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom

Question 18

oxidising agent in terms of electron transfer

Answer 18

accepting electrons from other species

Question 19

a covalent bond

Answer 19

the strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms

Question 20

electronegativity

Answer 20

the attraction of a bonded atom for the pair of electrons in a covalent bond

Question 21

functional group

Answer 21

the part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical properties

Question 22

structural isomer

Answer 22

compound with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

Question 23

isotopes

Answer 23

atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons and different masses

Question 24

dipole

Answer 24

the separation of opposite charges

Question 25

stereoisomers

Answer 25

compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement of the atoms in space

Question 26

radical

Answer 26

species with an unpaired electron

Question 27

σ bond

Answer 27

a type of covalent bond which forms when atomic orbitals overlap head-on
can rotate freely

Question 28

explanation for shapes of molecules

Answer 28

𝑥 bonding regions
𝑦 lone pairs
electrons repel

Question 29

saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 29

only contains single bonds

Question 30

unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 30

contains at least one C=C double bond

Question 31

relative atomic mass

Answer 31

the weighted average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account its naturally occurring isotopes, relative to 1/12 of the relative atomic mass of an atom of carbon-12

Question 32

relative molecular mass

Answer 32

the mass of that molecule compared to 1/12 of the relative atomic mass of an atom of carbon-12

Question 33

atom economy equation

Answer 33

% atom economy = mass of desired products / total mass of reactants × 100

Question 34

atom economy

Answer 34

how many atoms in the reactant are found in the useful products, compared to how many are wasted

Question 35

first ionisation energy

Answer 35

the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of atoms of an element in a gaseous state to form one mole of gaseous ions

Question 36

Avogadro constant

Answer 36

the number of atoms per mole of the carbon-12 isotope = 6.02x10^23

Question 37

dative bond

Answer 37

a shared pair of electrons in which the bonded pair has been provided by only one of the bonded atoms