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Comp Exam > questions given > Flashcards

questions given Flashcards

1
Q

how do you calculate gain?

A

gain is the correction over the error. The correction seen in a uncontrolled to controlled system. error is the amount not seen corrected:

uncontrolled: pressure rise from 100 to 175
controlled: pressure rise from 100 to 125

the error is 25 because it’s how much from the “norm” that wasnt corrected. Corrected amount is 50. Gain is 50/25 = 2 (negative because negative feedback)

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2
Q

how do secondary transporters get their energy?

A

the energy is derived from concentration gradients created by atp driven primary active transport

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3
Q

what ions are normally concentrated in extracellular fluid?

A

Na+ and Ca++ and Cl-

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4
Q

what ions are normally concentrated in intracellular fluid?

A

K+

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5
Q

in a muscle contraction what does the diffusion of acetylcholine and binding to ligand-gated sodium channels cause?

A

a local or end-plate depolarization cause by sodium ion influx, but not the action potential. it opens voltage gated channels.

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6
Q

which band in a sarcomere doesnt change length during a contraction?

A

A Band

others: I band - narrows (outer edge), H band: also narrows (center)

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7
Q

Each of these utilize DHP channels on T-tubules during contraction

A

skeletal muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers

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8
Q

what phase of a cardiac muscle action potential represents resting potential?

Phase 0
Phase 1
Phase 2 
Phase 3
Phase 4
A

Phase 4 - resting potential (-85 mV)

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9
Q

In cardiac contractions, what do the terms EDV, SV and ESV mean?

A

EDV - end diastolic volume
ESV - end systolic volume
SV - stroke volume - 70 ml (a difference of the others)

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10
Q

what does the P wave represent in an ECG? QRS? and the T wave?

A

P - atrial depolarization
QRS - ventricular depolarization
T - ventricular repolarization

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11
Q

how much of total volume is in the venous system alone?

A

64%

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12
Q

A systemic vein is 8x distensible and has a volume 3x as great than a artery. What’s it’s compliance in comparison?

A

3 x 8 = 24

a systemic vein has 24x the compliance of an artery.

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13
Q

whats the mean circulatory pressure when blood volume is 4 L?

A

0 mm Hg

7 mm Hg @ 5 L

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14
Q

on the normal venous return curve when Right atrial pressure is equal to mean systemic filling pressure the venous return is what?

A

0 L/min

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15
Q

whats our normal glomerular filtration rate?

A

125ml/min or 180 L/day

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16
Q

what factor in GFR has the most effect on increasing GFR?

A

Pg - glomerular hydrostatic pressure - 60 mm Hg

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17
Q

the proximal tubule which does a lot of reabsorption, reabsorbs filtered glucose and amino acids through ___________.

A

sodium/glucose transporter

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18
Q

where do you find aldosterone’s target on the principal cells or the cortical collecting ducts of the nephron? what is aldosterone’s target?

A

on the basolateral side of the principle cell, aldosterone acts on Na+/K+ pumps

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19
Q

intercalated cells on the late distal and cortical collecting tubule do what?

A

secrete H+ and reabsorb bicarbonate

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20
Q

the phosphate buffering system major role is what?

A

buffering renal tubule fluid (lowers tubule pH)

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21
Q

how does the body compensate for respiratory acidosis?

A

new bicarbonate from the kidney

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22
Q

how does the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?

A

increased ventilation rate

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23
Q

how is respiratory alkalosis compensated for?

A

renal excretion of bicarbonate

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24
Q

how is metabolic alkalosis compensated for?

A

decreased ventilation

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25
Q

what is transpulmonary pressure?

A

the difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure

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26
Q

how much of blood carbon dioxide transported as bicarbonate?

A

70% (requires carbonic anhydrase)

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27
Q

dorsal respiratory group

A

establishes ramp signal

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28
Q

pontine respiratory group

A

pneumotaxic center, mainly controls rate and depth of breathing

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29
Q

in general what are primary and secondary cortical areas for?

A

primary - specific functions

secondary - integration of function/stimuli

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30
Q

what are the characteristics of tonic receptors?

A

slow adapting
detect continuous stimulus strength
transmit impulses as long as stimulus is present

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31
Q

types of tonic receptors

A 
muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs 
macula and vestibular receptors 
baroreceptors 
chemoreceptors
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32
Q

what is the function of the medial lemniscus system?

A

carries fine touch (aka two point touch)

also known as posterior column system or dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway

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33
Q

type C fibers

A

carries slow chronic pain, itch, temperature, and crude touch

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34
Q

what type of ganglion cells respond to rapid changes in visual image?

A

Y ganglion cells

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35
Q

what characteristic of hair cells is related to it’s resting potential and the generation of an action potential?

A

the high potassium concentration in the endolymph

36
Q

what is the most common cause of congenital deafness?

A

stria vascularis dysfunction in conduction of potassium ions into the external fluid

37
Q

muscle spindles are innerved by

A

small gamma motor neurons

38
Q

the pyramidal system consists of

A

corticospinal tract and corticoulbar tract

39
Q

the intracerebellar nuclei fastigial nuclei main function is?

A

related to postural activity and limb movements via the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tract

40
Q

what cells are laterally inhibited and the only output from the cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje cells

41
Q

what are the primary physiological mechanisms that alter the critical set point?

A

skin temperature changes

42
Q

Cells of Cajal

A

responsible for slow waves, by cyclic changes that emit inward currents.

43
Q

interneurons of the myenteric plexus use what neurotransmitter?

A

serotonin

44
Q

what are the three gastrointestinal reflexes?

A 
gastrocolic reflex (colon evacuation)
enterogastric reflex (inhibit stomach motility) 
colonoileal reflex (empty ileal contents into colon)
45
Q

parietal cells secrete gastric acid, what ion channels are found where?

A

sodium-potassium symport on basolateral membrane towards blood and extracellular fluid

hydrogen-potassium counterport on apical membrane to canaliculus lumen

46
Q

secretin

A

inhibits gastric acid secretion

stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and release of sodium bicarbonate

released in response to acid in upper intestine

47
Q

which lipoprotein has the highest concentration of cholesterol and moderately concentrated phospholipids?

A

Low-Density-Lipoproteins or LDLs

48
Q

what protein is iron transported on in the the blood?

A

transferrin

49
Q

what does carnitine carry and where?

A

it carries Acetyl-CoA into mitochondria

50
Q

where are the receptors for PTH found?

A

on osteoblasts and osteocytes

51
Q

preganglionic neurons

A

are myelinated and use Acetylcholine

52
Q

postganglionic neurons

A

are non-myelinated and use Ach in the ParaSym and Norepinephrine in Sym

53
Q

Theca and granulosa cells both produce what?

A

progesterone out of cholesterol (with a pregnenolone intermediate)

Granulosa cells with FSH recepetors converts androgens into estrogens

54
Q

what hormone spikes during ovulation? Which peaks before and which peaks after>

A

LH spikes before or at ovulation (causes ovulation)

Estradiol peaks before and progesterone peaks after

55
Q

testosterone production in men

A

produces in cells of leydig, numerous in newborns but absent in children. Returns after puberty.

56
Q

why does oxygenation of fetal blood occur at such a low pressure gradient??

A

fetal blood hemoglobin concentration is 50% greater than maternal. And the Bohr effect

57
Q

oldest known vertebrates, the ostracoderms, are from the ________ period?

A

cambrian

58
Q

what are the big three chordate requirements?

A

dorsal hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal “gill” slits, arches and pouches
a Notochord

59
Q

natural selection was developed by

A

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

60
Q

what’s the difference before analogy or homology

A

analogy - similarity in function in structure in two of more different species

homology - similar structure between related species with different functions

61
Q

ornithischians

A

bird hipped dinosaurs

62
Q

saurischians

A

lizard hipped dinosaurs

63
Q

what type of epithelium is unique to vertebrates?

A

stratified epithelium (with vascularized dermis)

64
Q

when, in what vertebrate group, does stratum corneum first appear?

A

Amphibians

65
Q

in fish scales are derivative of which structure, and reptiles have scales derivative of which structure?

A

fish - dermal

reptiles - epidermal

66
Q

thick skin versus thin skin?

A

thick skin - extra stratum layer. found on palms and soles of feet

thin skin - everywhere else

67
Q

what type of vertebrae have hemal arches?

A

caudal vertebrae

68
Q

how many cervical vertebrae do most vertebrates are?

A

seven

69
Q

sacral vertebrae articulate with which pelvic girdle bone?

A

ilium - directly or through sacral ribs

70
Q

what are the endochondral components of the pectoral girdle? what are they for?

A

they are for carrying limb articulation.

procoracoid, coracoid and scapula

71
Q

what are the dermal components of the pectoral girdle?

A

clethrum (a)
clavicle
interclavicle

72
Q

pelvic girdle

A

lacks dermal components

3 endochondral compoents:
ilium
pubis
ischium

ilium articulates with the sacrum.

limb articulation through acetabulular fossa

73
Q

what are the skeletal muscle divisions?

A

Axial - spinal nerves
Branchiomeric - Cranial nerves
Appendicular - Spinal nerves

74
Q

epaxial

A

dorsal

75
Q

hypaxial

A

ventral

76
Q

what arch is each belly of the digastric muscle derived from and what is the innervation?

A

anterior digastric - first pharyngeal arch by trigeminal nerve CN V

posterior digastric - second pharyngeal arch with CN VII (facial)

77
Q

adductor mandibulae

A

masseter muscle

78
Q

gill arch levators (cucullaris)

A

trapezius

79
Q

the muscles of mastication are innervated by

A

the mandibular branch of the trigeminal

80
Q

foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus are examples of what in the fetal heart?

A

right - left bypass

81
Q

the third pairs of aortic arches forms what structure?

A

internal carotids

82
Q

what structure is an anatomical modification seen in sharks that increases their absorption?

A

spiral valve in the intestine

83
Q

a herbavoir would be missing which type of tooth and leave behind a space called?

A

canine

diastema

84
Q

the meSonephros forms a functional kidney in??

A

mammalians embryos and most adult fish and all amphibians

85
Q

what is the fate of the mesonephric or woffian ducts in males?

A

sperm transport

Comp Exam (4 decks)

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