BioChem

Question 1

First step of denaturing a protein is through what type of bonds? Whats type of folding process are these bonds a part of?

Answer 1

Disulfide bonds and in higher order protein folding

Question 2

What are the functional characteristics of hemoglobin?

Answer 2

Four globin chains
porphyrin ring with Fe2+
use of 2,3-BPG giving the Bohr effect

Question 3

Transferase reactions involve which type of processes?

Answer 3

group transfer between reactants, phosphorylation is an example of this

Question 4

hydrolases reaction have what type of characteristics?

Answer 4

involved with hydrolysis reactions, which is the transfers of a functional group to water

Question 5

competitive inhibitor binds ________ substrate, uncompetitive inhibitors bind ________ substrate

Answer 5

before: competitive
- Km increases while Vmax remains unchanged
after: uncompetitive
- Both Vmax and Km are lowered by the same factor

Question 6

what type of sugar is glucose?

Answer 6

Glucose is an aldose because it has an aldehyde which is a carboxyl group with an attached H and one R group

Question 7

what type of sugar is fructose?

Answer 7

Fructose is a ketose, it contains a ketone which is a carboxyl group with two R groups

Question 8

which disaccharide is involved with a hydrolase reaction in order to break down and without the proper enzyme leads to stomach cramps?

Answer 8

Lactose

-composed of galactose and a glucose

Question 9

Cellulose, starch and glycogen are all polysaccharides. They contain glycosidic linkages. Which can human digest and what are the basics of the mechanism?

Answer 9

Humans can breakdown starch and glycogen
-bec alpha-1,4-linkages

Digestion starts in oral cavity by salivary amylase (starch dependent on this enzyme)

Question 10

what is characteristic of the bond between proteins and carbohydrates?

Answer 10

called glycosidic bond, they are more permanent or stable.

Question 11

linoleic acid

Answer 11

essential fatty acid

2 double bonds

Question 12

linolenic acid

Answer 12

essential fatty acid

3 double bonds

Question 13

membrane or lipid bilayer fluidity is based on concentration of what?

Answer 13

cholesterol

Question 14

which ion is more concentrated on both the inside and outside of a cell?

Answer 14

Sodium - outside

Potassium - inside

Question 15

how do secondary transport system get their energy?

Answer 15

energy is derived from existing ion concentration gradients

Question 16

PRPP synthase is needed for what?

Answer 16

nucleotide synthesis

Question 17

IMP is found in which nucleotide synthesis pathway?

Answer 17

purine

Question 18

OMP and UMP are found in which nucleotide synthesis pathway?

Answer 18

pyrimidine

Question 19

describe the mech of Gout?

Answer 19

more purine means more purine catabolism leading to high uric acid (by xanthine oxidase) leading to Gout - uric acid crystals in joints.

Question 20

function of HGPRT in the purine salvage pathway

Answer 20

guanine -> GMP or IMP

Question 21

Fed State

Answer 21

high insulin and low glucagon
glycolysis in liver with CAC
glycogen storage in liver and muscle 
TG in adipose
RBC giving out lactate by anerobic breakdown of glucose

Question 22

fasting

Answer 22

low insulin and glucose, high glucagon
TG breakdown
breakdown of glycogen
gluconeogenesis (from pyruvate, lactate etc)

Question 23

when do you find Glucose-1-phosphate?

Answer 23

after glycogen breakdown before it is converted into G6P by glucokinase

Question 24

which GLUT protein is found in the liver and which is insulin dependent and found on skeletal muscle, heart and adipose?

Answer 24

Liver - GLUT2

Insulin Dependent - GLUT4

Question 25

how is phosphofructokinase of glycolysis regulated in terms of energy?

Answer 25

AMP - stimulates Glycolysis at PFK

ATP - inhibits glycolysis at PFK

Question 26

pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 26

uses ribose and synthesizes NADPH

Question 27

debranching enzyme

Answer 27

alpha1,6-glucosidase

Question 28

UDP-glucose in found in….

Answer 28

glycogen synthesis

Question 29

cofactors of the PDH complex?

Answer 29

TPP
Lipoamide
FAD

Question 30

where is the PDH complex?

Answer 30

Mitochondria

Question 31

what molecule inhibits PDH?

Answer 31

Acetyl-CoA

Question 32

which complex has NADH Q oxido-reductase and intakes NADH?

Answer 32

Complex I

Question 33

Which complex has Ubiquinone (Q)?

Answer 33

Complex II

also, no proton transfer

Question 34

Cytochrome C is associated with which complex of the ETC?

Answer 34

Complex III

Question 35

which complex of the ETC involves oxygen?

Answer 35

Complex IV

Question 36

when Triacylglycerols breakdown, what happens to the products?

Answer 36

Triglycerides - further breakdown by Beta-oxidation

Glycerol - a sugar component that feeds into glycolysis

Question 37

the main enzyme of Beta-oxidation during the fasting state is?

Answer 37

Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase

Question 38

ketone bodies are high during states of _________. What disease is characterized by utilization of ketone bodies for energy? what are ketone bodies?

Answer 38

starvation

diabetes
-glucose cant get into the cells

happens in high fat and low carb diets

acetoacetate, acetone, and D-3-hydroxy-butyrate

Question 39

fatty acid synthesis

Answer 39

in the liver, transfered in by Acyl Carrier Proteins

Question 40

malonyl coa

Answer 40

fatty acid synthesis - rate limiting step

requires acetyl coa carboxylase

Question 41

insulin activates acetyl CoA carboxylase by ___________.

Answer 41

Dephosphoylation

Question 42

which lipoprotein delivers cholesterol to tissues?

Answer 42

LDLs

Question 43

what drug inhibits HMG CoA reductase (associated with LDL and intracellular cholesterol)

Answer 43

Lovastatin

Question 44

amino acid transfer that starts the urea cycle creates which amino acid?

Answer 44

Glutamate
-amino group is further transferred by NADH and NH+ to form Urea

By aminotransferases (helps make the glutamate)

Question 45

urea cycle happen where?

Answer 45

liver