Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MOD 1: DR > questions > Flashcards

questions Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic inflammation, as evident in this
patient, is mediated by _____. Fibrosis can occur from ___________ which can lead to stiffening of the lung parenchyma and a greater FEV1

A

macrophages.

chronically activated M2 macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the major cytokine

involved with fibrosis

A

tgf-b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Exudate common causes

A

Pneumonia
– Malignancy
– Tuberculosis
– Pancreatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the principal sources of chemokines?

A

Macrophages
endothelial cells
T-cells
Mast cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What stimulates transcytosis?

What else does it do?

A

promotes vascular leakage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the major opsonins?

A

C3b and IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Increased vascular permeability, contraction of smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels, pain when injected into skin are all properties of?

A

Bradykinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which CD4+ subsets are involved in defense against many types of bacteria and viruses and in autoimmune diseases?

A

TH1 and TH17 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Granulomatous inflammation is a form of chronic inflammation characterized by what type of cells?

Sometimes associated with what?

A
  • Activated macrophages and T lymphocytes

- Central necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 clinically important acute-phase reactants, which are made in the liver.

A
  • CRP
  • Fibrinogen
  • SAA (Serum amyloid A)
  • Hepcidin

IL6 stimulates production of: CRP and fibrinogen

IL1 or TNF stimulation production of SAA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In granulomatous inflammation the activated macrophages may develop abundant cytoplasm and begin to resemble epithelial cells, and are called?

These then fuse and make?

A
  • Epitheliod cells

- Multinucleate giant cells (AKA Langerhans giant cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

One of two types of granulomas:

Foreign body granulomas cause what kind of immune response?

A

FB granulomas made by FB, not T cells.

  • Do not incite an immune response or inflammation. Form around things like talc from IV drug use, sutures or other things that cant be phago
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

One of two types of granulomas.

What causes immune granulomas?

What do macrophages activate and cytokines involved?

A
  • Caused by variety of things that that inducea T-cell response when the microbe is hard to kill or there is a self-ag.
  • Macrophages activate T cells to produce cytokines, such as IL-2, which activates other T cells, perpetuating the response, and IFN-y, which activates the macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the prototype of a granulomatous disease caused by infection and should always be excluded as the cause when granulomas are identified?

What is the granuloma referred to as in this dease?

A
  • Tuberculosis

- A tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which cytokines are important mediators of the acute-phase reaction?

A
  • TNF
  • IL-1
  • IL-6
  • Type I interferons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

FIbrinogen binds to red cells and causes them to form what?

Basis for measuring what as a simple test for an inflammatory response cause by any stimulus?

A
  • Form stacks (rouleaux) that cause the RBC to break down more rapidly at unit gravity
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
17
Q

Which cytokines stimulate CRP, fibrinogen, and SAA?

A
  • IL-6: CRP and fibrinogen

- IL-1 and TNF: SAA

18
Q

Chronically elevated levels of ______ reduce the availability of iron and are responsible for the anemia associated with chronic inflammation

A

Hepcidin

19
Q

Elevated levels of ______ have been proposed as a marker for increased risk of MI in patients with coronary artery disease?

A

CRP

20
Q

Bacterial infections are characterized by what cells usually?

Viral?

A
  • Neutrophils (bacterial) = neutrophilia

- Lymphocytes (viral) = lymphocytosis

21
Q

Extreme elevation of leukocytes are referred to as?

A

Leukemoid reaction; similar to the white cell count seen in leukemia

22
Q

Leukocytosis == increased number of leukocytes in the blood (opposed to leukopenia)

A
  1. Initially: TNF and IL-1 cause accelerated release of cells from bone marrow post-mitotic pools, causing a rise in number of immature neutrophils in blood (left shift)

IF TNF and IL-1 stay high: this can cause septic shock (triad: coagulation t/o blood, hypotensive shock, disturbances in metbolism like insulin resistance and hyperglycemia)

23
Q

Acute phase response == cytokine induced systemic reactions mediated by TNF, IL1, IL6 and Type 1 IFN, that can cause a fever.

How do we get fever?

A

pyrogens (substances) that increase the set point of the hypothalamus.

Exogenous pyrogens (bacterial products) cause leukocytes to release endogenous pyrogens (IL-1 or TNF) => increase COX 
 => covert AA into prostaglandins (esp PGE2) in the vascular and perivascular cells of the hypothlamus => stim prod of a NT in hypothalamus to increase temp set point
24
Q

The set point in the hypothalamus is changed prostaglandins (especially ______) that stimulate the production of the neurotransmitters that change the set point.

A

PGE2

25
Q

Which acute phase proteins bind to cell walls and act as OPSININS, fix compliment and bind to chromatin

A

CRP

SAA

26
Q

Granulomatous inflammations can be divided into noncaseating and caseating subtypes:

_______ granulomas lack central necrosis; thus, the nucleus is present. what do they arise to?

A

Noncaseating

Foreign material (implants), sarcoidosis, cat scratch dz (creates stellate-shaped granulmoa)

27
Q

________ granulomas exhibit central necrosis (we cannot see nuclei) d/t hypoxia and ROS.

what is it look like and what is it characteristic of?

A

Caseating

cheese-like

TB and fungal infections

28
Q

most cells in white cell count ______

least: ______

A

most: neutrophils
least: basophils

29
Q

Wound dehiscence

A

Rupture of a wound.

 Not common, but most common in abdominal wound from intraabdominal pressure

30
Q

Ulceration

A

Nonhealing wounds bc inadequate vascularization during healing. Ex. peripheral wounds

31
Q

Excessive formation of the components of the repair process can lead to what?

A
  1. hypertrophic scar: raised scare d/t too much collagen d/t injuries that involve deep layers of dermis
  2. Keloid: a scar that grows beyond boundary of original would and does not regress
32
Q

Exuberant granulation

A

also called proud flesh

Formation of excessive amounts of granulation tissue that protrudes above the level of the surrounding skin and blocks reepithlialization. Must be removed by surgery or cautery

33
Q

Contracture

A

excessive contracture causes deformities of wound and surrounding tissue.

this is often seen after burns and can compromise joint mobility.

34
Q

what is fibrosis?

A

excessive deposition of collagen and ECM components that occurs when injury is persistant and causes loss of tissue and organ dysfunction.

35
Q

can scar and fibrosis be used interchangly?

A

yes, but fibrosis refers to deposition of collagen in INTERNAL ORGANS in chronic diseaess.

MOD 1: DR (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions