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Immunology > Questions > Flashcards

Questions Flashcards

1
Q

B cells become memory cells under the influence of…

A

CD40

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2
Q

The T cell ligand which binds to CD80 on a professional antigen-presenting cell is:

A

CD28

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3
Q

For vaccination against mycobacterial diseases such as tuberculosis the most important facet of the immune response to be stimulated is:

A

cytotoxic Tcells

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4
Q

IgE mainly binds to receptors on:

A

Mast cells

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5
Q

The vaccine to human papilloma virus (HPV) is an example of which type?

A
  • subunit

- recombinant

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6
Q

main functions of neutrophils

A

bacterial killing

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7
Q

IgM antibodies can lyse

A

bacteria (in the presence of complement)

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8
Q

IgD antibodies are found on

A

the surface of B cells

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9
Q

NK cells lack receptors with

A

Specificity for MHC class II molecules

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10
Q

The uptake of antigen into the processing pathway for class II MHC restricted T cells can be initiated by

A

Surface immunoglobulin

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11
Q

Expression of MHC genes is

A

Codominant

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12
Q

what is An epitope

A

the area on an antigen which contacts antibody􏰄

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13
Q

The T-cell receptor for antigen is

A

a heterodimer

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14
Q

Examples of integrins are

A

LFA-1, VLA-4

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15
Q

Naïve lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes via

A

High endothelial venules

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16
Q

Eosinophils do not

A

stain with basic dyes

only acidic

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17
Q

Natural killer cells

A

a Contain serine proteases
b Respond to interferon
c Contain TNF

do not:Kill by only damaging the target cell outer membrane

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18
Q

Th2 CD4+ T cells

A
  • are responsible for the symptoms of asthma
  • help B cells by producing IL-4
  • Protective immunity against intestinal worm infections require Th2 cells
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19
Q

IL-5 is critical for the development of

A

eosinophils

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20
Q

A major source of IL-12 is

A

dendritic cells

21
Q

Lysozyme:

A

splits peptidoglycan (hydrolyses)

22
Q

Complement component C3 is cleaved by

A

C3bBb

23
Q

Th2 cells produce:

A

IL-4

24
Q

Development of follicular helper T cells requires:

A
  • IL6 and IL21

- Require the transcriptional repressor Bcl-6

25
Q

IgA in mucus secretions

A

can coat potential pathogens

26
Q

T cells have been harnessed as therapies specifically targeting tumours and metastatic disease.

A

TILs
c Chimeric antigen receptor T cells
d EBV-specific CTL

27
Q

How do you create “passive immunity” in a host

A

Transfer serum from an immunised donor

28
Q

what can distinguish between influenza viruses of different strains?

A

CD4+ T lymphocytes

29
Q

MHC Class I molecules

A

They are polymorphic in their α1- and α2-domains

30
Q

MHC Class II molecules present

A

antigens processed through the lysosome

31
Q

CD28

A

controls the production of IL-2 by CD4+ T cells

32
Q

functions associated with antibodies

A
  • opsonisation
  • Complement activation
  • Virus neutralization
33
Q

naïve B cells express

A

IgM

34
Q

Natural Treg

A

CD4+CD25+; develop in thymus under control of specific transcription factor FoxP3; recognise self antigens; prevent autoimmunity by producing transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and by inhibiting APC – CTLA4 on surface of Treg removes CD80/CD86 from APC

35
Q

Inducible Treg

A

recognise self or foreign antigens; differentiate from naïve CD4+ T cells after recognition of antigen in peripheral immune system; several subsets; some produce IL10 selectively (Tr1), but most are FoxP3+ and function in same way as natural Treg.

36
Q

γδ T LYMPHOCYTES

A
  • Recognise conserved, non-peptide antigens from pathogens (eg components of bacterial cell walls) and on damaged cells
  • Do not express CD4 or CD8; not MHC restricted
37
Q

NK T LYMPHOCYTES

A

-Express natural killer molecule NK1.1 – mostly CD4+ T cells
• Recognise lipids on pathogens
• Not MHC restricted
• Produce large amounts of cytokines early in immune response (IL4, γIFN)
• Link innate and adaptive immune responses

38
Q

class switching

A

whereby cells initially producing IgM class antibody, alter their heavy chain to produce IgG (or IgA) instead

39
Q

Th17 cells

A

-produce IL17, IL22
-differentiation requires TGFβ, IL6 and IL23
- inhibited by γIFN
IL17 recruits and activates cells of innate immune response such as neutrophils; IL22
induces anti-microbial peptides + tight junctions in intestine
• Th17 cells involved in protection vs extracellular bacteria, fungi
• Inappropriate activation of Th17 cells causes marked tissue inflammation

40
Q

Th2 cells

A

-produce IL4, IL5, IL6, IL9, IL10, IL13
• Differentiation dependent on the cytokine IL4
• IL4 production favoured by products of helminth worms and other parasites
• Th2 differentiation determined by transcription factor GATA-3 in T cells
• IL4 is “switch factor” which induces B lymphocytes to produce IgE and IgG1 classes of antibodies

41
Q

Inappropriate activation of Th2 cells causes

A

IgE mediated diseases - asthma, hay fever

42
Q

• IL4, IL5, IL6 and IL13 needed for

A

B lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation during Ab production

43
Q

Th1 cells

A
  • produce γIFN
  • differentiation depends on IL12 (produced by DC or macrophages)
  • CD40 involved
  • Th1 cells important for protection vs intracellular pathogens
44
Q

Inappropriate activation of Th1 cells leads to:

A

⇒ tissue inflammation and disease – eg arthritis,

inflammatory bowel disease

45
Q

CD4+ Helper T Lymphocytes

60-70%

A

-Class II MHC restricted – recognise antigens taken up from outside APC
• Activation dependent on expression of costimulatory molecules such as
CD28

46
Q

CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

30-40%

A

Class I MHC restricted – recognise antigens synthesised in cytoplasm or nucleus of infected cell
• Priming of naïve CD8+ T cell usually needs activated CD4+ T cells to provide IL2 for the CD8+ T

47
Q

perforin

A

Perforin forms pores in cell membrane and intracellular vesicles of target cell

48
Q

granzymes

A

Granzymes induce target cell death by apoptosis

Immunology (14 decks)

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