Questions Flashcards
1
Q
We tend to value the things we own more than identical things we don’t own. This endowment effect can be explained by A. Prospect Theory B. Expected Utility Theory C. Both (A) and (B) D. Status Quo Theory
A
C. Both (A) and (B)
2
Q
Suppose you are flipping a coin. If you believe that the result is more likely to be HHTHTTH rather HHHHHHT, you are using A. representativeness heuristic. B. equal distribution heuristic. C. unbiased frequency heuristic. D. availability heuristic.
A
A. representativeness heuristic.
3
Q
According to Prospect Theory,
A. a given difference between two options will have greater impact if it is viewed as a difference between two disadvantages than if it is viewed as a difference between two advantages.
B. utilities are evaluated with respect to a reference point.
C. we use psychological probability instead of objective probability in calculating
utilities.
D. All of the above.
A
D. All of the above.
4
Q
The wheel of fortune study by Tversky and Kahneman (1974) shows that
A. anchoring effects can be reduced by expertise
B. anchoring effects can be reduced when participants have been warned
beforehand.
C. anchor effects do not have to be relevant to be effective.
D. a self-generated anchor is as effective as a provided anchor.
A
C. anchor effects do not have to be relevant to be effective.
5
Q
When people are asked to choose between “Winning $40 with probability of .40” versus “Winning $30 with probability of .50”, most of them prefer the former than the latter. However, when the probability doubles, i.e., “winning $40 with probability of .80” versus “Winning $30 with probability of 1.00”, most people prefer the latter. This phenomenon shows that
A. people behave in the way predicted by Expected Value Theory
B. people behave in the way predicted by Prospect Theory
C. people behave in the way predicted by Expected Utilities Theory
D. None of the above. People are irrational.
A
B. people behave in the way predicted by Prospect Theory
6
Q
6. In the “Linda” example we talked about in class, many people consider it more likely that “Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement” than “Linda is a bank teller”. This is an example of A. status quo bias. B. retrievability failure. C. gambler’s fallacy. D. conjunction fallacy.
A
D. conjunction fallacy.
7
Q
In
the criterion study conducted by Chen and Kemp (2014), they show
A. that participants showed a criterion effect when judges were experts.
B. that participants showed a criterion effect when the criterion was randomly
generated by a coin flipping.
C. that it pays to be aggressive in promotion application.
D. All of the above.
A
D. All of the above.
8
Q
“Nothing in life is quite as important as you think it is while you are thinking about it” (Schkade & Kahneman, 1998). This sentence illustrates A. the dilution illusion. B. the focusing illusion. C. the Ponzo illusion. D. the Gambler’s illusion.
A
B. the focusing illusion.
9
Q
In the money priming studies that we talked about in our lecture, if one group of participants has been primed with money (the money group) and the other group not (the control group), and you then give all the participants a series of scenarios similar to the following one:
“You work as an office assistant for a department at a university. You’re alone in the office making copies and realize you’re out of copy paper at home. You therefore slip a ream of paper in your backpack.”
In response to the question “how likely it is that you would engage in the behaviour described”, on the basis of previous research, what do you expect the results to be?
A. The money group indicates more willingness to engage in the behaviour described.
B. The money group indicates less willingness to engage in the behaviour described.
C. There is no difference between the two groups.
D. There is no previous research on this topic, so there is no way to predict the
results.
A
A. The money group indicates more willingness to engage in the behaviour described.
10
Q
Three broad sets of factors have been identified that contribute to personality differences and similarities between people. These are genetics, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ environmental factors and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ environmental factors. A. phenotypic; genotypic B. shared; non-shared C. long-term; short-term D. positive; negative
A
B. shared; non-shared
11
Q
Which hormone seems to play an important role in bonding and romantic attachment? A. norepinephrine B. serotonin C. cortisol D. oxytocin
A
D. oxytocin
12
Q
Which of the following is NOT one of the “big five” factors in the Five Factor Model of personality? A. Agreeableness B. Conscientiousness C. Self-actualisation D. Openness to experience
A
C. Self-actualisation
13
Q
Evolutionary psychology assumes:
A. that sex differences in mate selection have their origins in social structure.
B. that many of our behaviours are present because in our evolutionary history,
these behaviours were helpful or necessary for our species’ survival.
C. that most aspects of our thought or behaviour occur randomly. D. all of the above.
A
B. that many of our behaviours are present because in our evolutionary history,
these behaviours were helpful or necessary for our species’ survival.
14
Q
Women tend to report that they would be less ___________ if their male partner _________________ than if he ___________________.
A. jealous; had a sexual relationship with another woman; fell in love with another woman.
B. jealous; fell in love with another woman; had a sexual relationship with another woman.
C. happy; had a sexual relationship with another woman; fell in love with another woman.
D. happy; fell in love with another woman; had a sexual relationship with another woman.
A
A. jealous; had a sexual relationship with another woman; fell in love with
another woman.

15
Q
Imagine that Francis feels anxious and guilty because she recently stole money from her parents. Then imagine that the next day she criticises her friend for being dishonest when her friend downloads a movie off the internet and doesn’t pay for it. Francis is likely using which defense mechanism? A. Displacement B. Reaction formation C. Rationalisation D. Projection
A
D. Projection
16
Q
According to Rogers, believing that others value you based only on intelligence, success, or attractiveness can lead to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. existential dread B. unconditional positive regard C. despair D. conditions of worth
A
D. conditions of worth
17
Q
A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that ________.
A. individual differences cannot be measured reliably
B. situations do not affect behavior
C. people are inconsistent
D. correlational methods do not clearly indicate effect size
A
C. people are inconsistent
18
Q
On Friday, Terence completes the Self- Monitoring Scale and receives a score of 49. On the following Tuesday, he fills out the scale again and receives a score of 28. Terence’s scores on the Self- Monitoring Scale do not appear to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. valid B. reliable C. significant D. free of unwanted biases
A
B. reliable
19
Q
Reliability is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for validity. A. a necessary and sufficient condition B. a necessary but not sufficient condition C. a sufficient condition D. not at all relevant
A
B. a necessary but not sufficient condition
20
Q
Which glucocorticoid hormone involved with the fight- or- flight response generates increased heart rate and blood pressure? A. serotonin B. estrogen C. progesterone D. cortisol
A
D. cortisol
21
Q
The Remote Association Test measures \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ thinking and creativity. A. divergent B. convergent C. lateral D. spatial
A
B. convergent
22
Q
Artists that employ the experimental method tend to produce their best work through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. insight B. divergent thinking C. trial and error D. visions and dreams
A
C. trial and error
23
Q
Which of the following was NOT one of bodily humors? A. blood B. black bile C. phlegm D. marrow
A
D. marrow
24
Q
The neurotransmitter dopamine is associated with systems that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. respond to reward B. generate acute feelings of anxiety C. block the effects of opiates D. generate vertigo
A
A. respond to reward
25
```
The Big 5 can be remembered using the acronym ________.
A. OCEAN
B. CREAM
C. OVERT
D. TRAIT
```
A. OCEAN
26
Self-esteem is defined as ________.
A. an emotional evaluation of personal worth
B. the degree to which an individual is valued by group or community
C. conditions of worth
D. all of the above
A. an emotional evaluation of personal worth
27
18. Narcissism is defined as ________.
A. highly stable self-esteem developed over time
B. exaggerated self-esteem compensating for insecurity
C. an intergenerational judgment of younger cohorts
D. bothbandc
B. exaggerated self-esteem compensating for insecurity
28
```
The approach to personality test construction that examines a set of correlations among many items in order to identify which items are highly correlated is called the ________ approach.
A. nomothetic
B. idiographic
C. rational
D. factor analytic
```
D. factor analytic
29
Personality assessment refers to ________.
A. a treatment for personality disorders
B. the analysis and interpretation of genetic markers of personality
C. the measurement of any characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, or emotion
D. the selection of a group of individuals with the most unique temperaments
C. the measurement of any characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, or emotion
30
```
Cultural psychology is included within the ________ paradigm
A. behavioral/social learning
B. Phenomenological
C. Psychoanalytic
D. Trait
```
B. Phenomenological
31
One purpose of the DSM is to ________, and a second is to ________.
A. make psychiatric diagnosis more objective; guide research on disorders
B. make psychiatric diagnosis more objective; facilitate insurance billing
C. guide research on disorders; facilitate biological research on disorders
D. facilitate genetic research on disorders; make psychiatric diagnosis more
objective
B. make psychiatric diagnosis more objective; facilitate insurance billing
32
People who have ego- syntonic personality disorders ________.
A. are accurately aware of their disorder
B. lose their identities
C. are low in ego control and ego resiliency
D. do not think anything is wrong
D. do not think anything is wrong
33
Psychologists following the phenomenological approach ________.
A. a. focus on the workings of the unconscious mind and the resolution of internal mental conflict
B. study how overt behavior is affected by rewards and punishments
C. build theoretical models of how people process information
D. are concerned with our conscious experience of the world and the consequences of having free will
D. are concerned with our conscious experience of the world and the consequences of having free will

34
```
Dollard and Miller’s key idea concerns ________.
A. defense mechanisms
B. the habit hierarchy
C. behavior potential
D. reciprocal determinism
```
B. the habit hierarchy
35
```
According to Dollard and Miller, a state of psychological tension that feels good when it is reduced is called a ________.
A. a. drive
B. b. behavior potential
C. c. motivation
D. d. psychological conflict
```
A. a. drive
36
According to the DSM-5 classification scheme, what are the Cluster B disorders?
A. a. histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline
B. b. narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline
C. c. histrionic, obsessive- compulsive, and paranoid
D. d. schizotypal, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline
A. a. histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline
37
Philippe Pinel was a well-known leader in the reform of:
A. psychosurgery because it left patients with lifelong deficits in their ability to make plans and behave according to them.
B. mental health institutions because they were overcrowded and understaffed.
C. typical antipsychotic drugs because they often caused irreversible motor disturbances in patients called tardive dyskinesia.
D. psychotherapy because many psychotherapists believed that their own approach was “right” and other approaches were “wrong.”
B. mental health institutions because they were overcrowded and understaffed.
38
```
Micaiah is a mental health professional who has a medical degree. He works in a private office and regularly prescribes medications. Micaiah is MOST likely a:
A. psychiatrist.
B. clinical psychologist.
C. counsellor.
D. psychiatric nurse.
```
A. psychiatrist.
39
```
Which of these is NOT one of the three main categories of drugs that treat mental disorders?
A. antihysteric drugs
B. antipsychotic drugs
C. antidepressant drugs
D. antianxiety drugs
```
A. antihysteric drugs
40
```
Most typical antipsychotic drugs work by _____ the activity of the neurotransmitter _____ in the brain.
A. increasing; dopamine
B. decreasing; dopamine
C. increasing; serotonin
D. decreasing; serotonin
```
B. decreasing; dopamine
41
Placebo effects are the:
A. improvement of symptoms that occurs over time with no treatment at all.
B. improvement in an individual's condition due to the belief that he/she is being treated.
C. common side effects of drugs, such as fatigue, sleeplessness, and nausea.
D. remission of symptoms following psychotherapy and drug treatments.
B. improvement in an individual's condition due to the belief that he/she is being treated.
42
```
Which of these psychotherapy approaches focuses on the idea that people's ingrained, habitual ways of thinking affect their mood and behaviour?
A. humanistic approach
B. psychodynamic approach
C. behavioural approach
D. cognitive approach
```
D. cognitive approach
43
To a psychodynamic therapist, symptoms that bring a person in for therapy:
A. are surface manifestations of a conflict buried in the person's unconscious mind.
B. are unconscious and synonymous with the disorder itself.
C. generally have little or no relationship to the unconscious problem that needs
to be addressed.
D. should be disregarded, because they represent an attempt by the patient to
resist treatment and distract from the real problem.
A. are surface manifestations of a conflict buried in the person's unconscious mind.
44
Lindsey has been diagnosed with a mental disorder and is beginning treatment with a cognitive therapist. Her therapy sessions will focus on her:
A. inner potential for self-actualization.
B. faulty thinking.
C. early childhood memories that she has repressed.
D. unconscious mental conflicts.
B. faulty thinking.
45
```
Jerome fears clowns because he was once robbed by one when he was a little kid. To cure his unwanted fear, Jerome's therapist exposes him to various clowns in the absence of being robbed, which will result in loss of the fear. This technique is known as:
A. person-centred therapy.
B. habituation.
C. extinction.
D. transference.
```
C. extinction.
46
Which of the following describes industrial and organisational psychology the best?
A. It’s the study of making money
B. It’s about people at work
C. It’s the psychology of people in factories
D. It’s all about stress
B. It’s about people at work
47
```
Which physiological process/processes/systems are involved in heightening the arousal that facilitates the 'fight or flight' response?
A. Cortisol levels
B. Noradrenaline and adrenaline
C. Parasympathetic nervous system
D. Oxytocin levels
```
B. Noradrenaline and adrenaline
48
```
Which combination of working conditions listed below would be called “active jobs”?
A. High demands – low control
B. Low demands – high control
C. High demands – high control
D. Low demands – low control
```
C. High demands – high control
49
The stress reaction is adaptive and has saved lives. But in some cases can it actually become dangerous. Which of the alternatives below is the most appropriate example of when the stress response is maladaptive (not good) given what you learned in the lecture?
A. When the individual overreacts to things that are not objectively stressful
B. When others think the reaction is annoying
C. When our stress hormones make us feel high
D. When the stress reaction is not followed by time to recover
D. When the stress reaction is not followed by time to recover
50
```
According to expectancy theory, why might you be answering this question now? A. Because it will help you to self-actualize.
B. Because it will help you to understand the subject, get better module marks and ultimately a better degree.
C. Because you have been told to do it by a tutor.
D. Because you gain intrinsic satisfaction from answering the question correctly.
```
```
B. Because it will help you to understand the subject, get better module marks and ultimately a better degree.

```
51
```
Which of the following is a critical psychological state in the job characteristics theory of work motivation?
A. Meaningfulness of the work
B. Growth need strength
C. Internal work motivation
D. Growth satisfaction
```
A. Meaningfulness of the work
52
```
Which of the following behaviours manifest (s) during Alcohol withdrawal?
A. Auditory hallucinations and illusions
B. Grand mal seizures
C. Autonomic hyperactivity
D. All the above.
```
D. All the above.
53
Which of the following should you do in order to diagnose a child with ADHD?
A. Get a genetic blood test.
B. Determine whether the behaviour symptoms occur at school and home.
C. Give the child methylphenidate and see what happens.
D. Give the child an intelligence test.
B. Determine whether the behaviour symptoms occur at school and home.
54
Which of the following statements regarding childhood aggression is NOT true?
A. Real people are not the only models of aggressive behaviour in children’s lives.
B. Children are more likely to be aggressive when they are frustrated in attempts to gain something they want, such as attention or a toy.
C. Children mechanically imitate the aggressive behaviour they view in the media.
D. Children who show more aggression are more likely to show diminished empathy and perspective-taking skills.
C. Children mechanically imitate the aggressive behaviour they view in the media.
55
John Bowlby used the term ‘attachment’ to mean:
A. The emotional bonds that infants develop towards their principal caregivers.
B. An unhealthy dependence on a single individual to the exclusion of other potential caregivers.
C. The temporary and ever-diminishing sense of dependence a child has on a caregiver or caregivers.
D. An infant’s actual rather than felt or expressed need for a caregiver or caregivers.
A. The emotional bonds that infants develop towards their principal caregivers.
56
```
If a person is diagnosed with panic disorder, it is not uncommon for them to display symptoms of additional disorders when the diagnosis is made. These symptoms can indicate that they may also be experiencing
A. Anxiety.
B. Agoraphobia.
C. Depression.
D. All of the above.
```
D. All of the above.
57
Although related to other fields, social psychology is distinct in that its emphasis is on
(a) understanding the immediate situational factors that influence human behaviour.
(b) classifying and treating psychological disorders.
(c) identifying individual characteristics that are relatively stable across time.
(d) describing the relationship between human behaviour across the lifespan.
(a) understanding the immediate situational factors that influence human behaviour.
58
Which research method allows the researcher to focus on causality?
(a) observational methods
(b) correlational methods
(c) experimental methods
(d) archival analyses
(c) experimental methods
59
Relative to experimental studies, the primary disadvantage of correlation studies is that
(a) they are more labour-intensive.
(b) cause and effect cannot be determined with them.
(c) the results are more easy to understand.
(d) the choice of variables that can be studied is limited.
(b) cause and effect cannot be determined with them.
60
A social psychologist would be least likely to conduct a study examining the effect of
(a) sleep on concentration ability.
(b) temperature on highway shootings.
(c) political attitudes on friendship formation.
(d) academic performance on self-esteem.
(a) sleep on concentration ability.
61
Not all social influence is direct or deliberate. Which of the following is the best example of more indirect or subtle social influence?
(a) An advertising campaign is launched to promote a new soft drink.
(b) An MP delivers a speech to convince voters that she is not really liberal.
(c) A parent disciplines his child by taking away her favorite toy.
(d) A child sees other kids wearing their sweatshirts inside out and starts wearing his the same way.
(d) A child sees other kids wearing their sweatshirts inside out and starts wearing his the same way.
62
The experimenter in Milgram's study used all except which of the following verbal prods to encourage participants to continue?
(a) 'It is absolutely essential that you continue.'
(b) 'You will be penalised if you refuse to go on.'
(c) 'You have no other choice, you must go on.'
(d) 'The experiment requires that you continue.'
(b) 'You will be penalised if you refuse to go on.'
63
Following his initial study, Milgram conducted several experiments on factors that might increase or decrease obedience to authority. In one of these experiments, Milgram showed that participants (that is, “the teachers”) were less likely to obey the experimenter’s orders if
(a) they thought the learner would perform better without getting shocked.
(b) the experimenter’s requests to continue were issued over a telephone.
(c) they thought the experimenter was responsible for the learner’s welfare.
(d) they were put into a sad mood.
(b) the experimenter’s requests to continue were issued over a telephone.
64
Victor goes to a fancy French restaurant. There are utensils on the table that he’s never even seen before, and more spoons and forks than he’s ever seen on one table. Eager to dine in an appropriate and sophisticated way, Victor secretly watches other diners to see what they do. This is an example of
(a) normative social influence.
(b) situational interdependence.
(c) informational social influence.
(d) normative conformity.
(c) informational social influence.
65
In a series of experiments, why did Solomon Asch (1951, 1956) ask participants to judge the lengths of lines which were clearly different from one another? Asch
(a) wanted to study conformity in ambiguous situations.
(b) believed that people would conform in their judgments.
(c) wanted to study conformity in unambiguous situations.
(d) believed that Muzafer Sherif’s experiments were fatally flawed.
(c) wanted to study conformity in unambiguous situations.
66
Milgram found that about ________ percent of his participants went all the way to 450 volts in his original experiment.
(a) 25
(b) 45
(c) 65
(d) 85
(c) 65
67
Recall that in the Stanford Prison Study conducted by Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues (1973), guards became increasingly aggressive and prisoners became increasingly submissive and withdrawn, all in under a week. Results of this (aborted) study suggest that
(a) social roles can take on a power all their own.
(b) norms in the real world are often adopted in artificial settings.
(c) humans are inherently aggressive and will “act out” in the appropriate situation.
(d) interdependence can be reduced in powerful situations.
(a) social roles can take on a power all their own.
68
When our behaviour is a result of our boss telling us to do something, it is a form of
(a) obedience.
(b) acceptance.
(c) conformity.
(d) compliance.
(a) obedience.
69
Recall that Festinger and Carlsmith gave participants either $1 or $20 for telling others that an experiment was fun and interesting. The experiment entailed turning pegs on a pegboard one quarter turn at a time. Thus, in actuality, the experiment was tedious and boring. Study results showed that
(a) neither $1 nor $20 could induce participants to tell other people that the experiment was interesting.
(b) after telling people that the experiment was interesting, participants in the $1 condition tended to express a more favourable attitude toward the experiment.
(c) participants in the $20 condition reported stronger feelings of guilt over having told people that the experiment was interesting.
(d) participants in the $1 condition were less likely to follow the experimenter’s instructions.
(b) after telling people that the experiment was interesting, participants in the $1 condition tended to express a more favourable attitude toward the experiment.
70
The tendency for opposites to mate or marry
(a) has only been documented among teenage couples.
(b) has increased worldwide since the 1960s.
(c) is just as powerful as the similarity-attraction connection.
(d) has never been reliably demonstrated.
(d) has never been reliably demonstrated.
71
One factor that will increase the likelihood that a friendship between two people will develop is
(a) the degree to which their interests complement each other.
(b) how often their paths cross.
(c) avoiding repetitious exposure.
(d) gender.
(b) how often their paths cross.
72
_____ refers to the notion that the more we encounter a stimulus, the more we grow to like it.
(a) Stimulus generalization
(b) Mere exposure
(c) The familiarity effect
(d) The proximity effect
(b) Mere exposure
73
In an enactment of the Good Samaritan situation, Darley and Batson (1973) studied the helpfulness of Princeton seminarians in order to assess whether helping behaviour was influenced by
(a) religious education.
(b) age differences.
(c) social responsibility.
(d) time pressure.
(d) time pressure.
74
Which of the following is not one of the steps in Darley and Latane’s decision tree?
(a) Noticing the incident.
(b) Interpreting the incident as an emergency.
(c) Weighing the costs and benefits of helping.
(d) Assuming responsibility for intervening.
(c) Weighing the costs and benefits of helping.
75
Imagine that you witness a car running into a pedestrian. Research on bystander intervention suggests that you are most likely to offer help if there
(a) is only one other eyewitness.
(b) are two other eyewitnesses.
(c) are six other eyewitnesses.
(d) are eight other eyewitnesses.
(a) is only one other eyewitness.
76
A stereotype exists in many cultures that men are better than women at maths. Ramya is about to take a diagnostic achievement test in math. According to research on stereotype threat, under which of the following conditions is Ramya most likely to perform poorly on the test?
(a) Ramya does not believe that the test is an accurate measure of maths ability.
(b) Ramya is asked to indicate her gender at the beginning of the test.
(c) Ramya does not include maths as an important part of her identity.
(d) Ramya has been raised in a cave by a mathematical genius and is unaware of the cultural stereotype concerning gender and maths.
(b) Ramya is asked to indicate her gender at the beginning of the test.
77
A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that
(a) individual differences cannot be measured reliably.
(b) situations do not affect behaviour.
(c) people are inconsistent.
(d) correlational methods do not clearly indicate effect size.
(c) people are inconsistent.
78
The situationist argument holds that
(a) a thorough review of the literature reveals that there is a limit to how well one can predict behavior from personality.
(b) situations are more important than personality traits for determining behaviour.
(c) our everyday intuitions about people are fundamentally flawed.
(d) All of the above.
(d) All of the above.
79
Which of the following psychologists is often credited with starting the person- situation debate?
(a) Gordon Allport
(b) Sigmund Freud
(c) Walter Mischel
(d) Henry Murray
(c) Walter Mischel
80
_______ psychology is based on the premise that to understand a person, you must understand his or her unique view of reality.
(a) Existential
(b) Humanistic
(c) Cultural
(d) Psychoanalytic
(b) Humanistic
81
The humanist psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow took basic existential assumptions and added the assumption that
(a) people are good and have an innate need to make themselves and the world better.
(b) to know a person, it is essential to understand his or her phenomenology.
(c) only humans, as opposed to other animals, have an awareness of their own mortality.
(d) people are essentially childlike and have an innate tendency toward selfishness and impulsivity.
(a) people are good and have an innate need to make themselves and the world better.
82
The highest need proposed by Maslow was
(a) self-determination.
(b) self-esteem.
(c) self-actualization.
(d) self-transcendence.
(c) self-actualization.
83
Juan pushed a terrible childhood experience out of his awareness and now is unable to recall it in adulthood. Which defense mechanism is he using?
(a) strategic memory
(b) denial
(c) repression
(d) reaction formation
(c) repression
84
According to the DSM-IV classification scheme, what are the Cluster A disorders?
(a) schizotypal, schizoid, and borderline
(b) schizotypal, paranoid, and borderline
(c) schizotypal, schizoid, and paranoid
(d) schizoid, obsessive-compulsive, and paranoid
(c) schizotypal, schizoid, and paranoid
85
The ego suppresses the id for ________ reasons.
(a) practical
(b) unknown
(c) mysterious
(d) moral
(a) practical
86
Pavlov’s “other dogs” were confronted with conflicting reward and punishment stimuli. Pavlov found that the dogs
(a) cowered and tried to hide.
(b) became extremely agitated and aggressive.
(c) displayed personality differences.
(d) None of the above.
Unsure - Personality - Maybe (a)
87
The idea that feelings of self-esteem evolved to gauge social acceptance is known as the ________ theory.
(a) sociometer
(b) social self
(c) terror management
(d) self-esteem as survival
(a) sociometer
88
What term describes someone who is low in emotional intelligence?
(a) anhedonic
(b) eudonic
(c) dysthymic
(d) alexithymic
(d) alexithymic
89
The DSM organizes personality disorders into
(a) two clusters.
(b) three clusters.
(c) two axes.
(d) five axes.
(d) five axes.
90
The personality paradigm that focuses on rewards and punishments is known as the ________ paradigm.
(a) trait
(b) behaviourist
(c) phenomenological
(d) psychoanalytic
(b) behaviourist
91
Personality is an individual’s characteristic patterns of
(a) behaviour.
(b) emotion.
(c) thought.
(d) All of the above.
(d) All of the above.
92
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic approaches to personality?
(a) psychoanalytic
(b) learning
(c) assessment
(d) phenomenological
(c) assessment
93
Jeff suspects that his roommate’s sexist jokes may indicate that his roommate has some hidden, unconscious hostility toward women or that he feels very insecure around women. Jeff’s analysis suggests a ________ approach to personality.
(a) psychoanalytic
(b) trait
(c) phenomenological
(d) behaviourist
(a) psychoanalytic
94
If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is
(a) reliable.
(b) valid.
(c) significant.
(d) generalizable.
(a) reliable.
95
Validity is the degree to which a measurement
(a) is consistent and stable.
(b) provides the same result if repeated.
(c) actually reflects or measures what you think it does.
(d) is reliable.
(c) actually reflects or measures what you think it does.
96
Something is described as creative if
(a) it is original, or non-obvious.
(b) it has personal and/or emotional relevance for people.
(c) it has no functional qualities.
(d) Both (a) and (b).
(a) it is original, or non-obvious.
97
Scientists with the most creative breakthroughs are also the most likely to have
(a) the fewest unusual ideas.
(b) a lot of unusual ideas.
(c) extremely efficient thought processes.
(d) a limited number of ideas that combined new things.
(b) a lot of unusual ideas.
98
From the perspective of expectancy value theory, your belief about how likely it is that a behavior will attain a certain goal is called your
(a) behaviour potential.
(b) expectancy.
(c) reinforcement value.
(d) general self-efficacy.
(b) expectancy.
99
Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy is
(a) what the person believes he or she is capable of doing.
(b) the amount of work required to be effective.
(c) the expected worth of an outcome.
(d) the probability of success expected for an average person.
(a) what the person believes he or she is capable of doing.
100
To avoid developing conditions of worth, a person should experience ________ from the important people in his or her life.
(a) unconditional positive regard
(b) Mitwelt
(c) actualization
(d) existential optimism
(a) unconditional positive regard
101
The idea that women may sometimes select an attractive but unstable male for more attractive male offspring in order to boost their potential for reproduction is termed
(a) the sexy son hypothesis.
(b) the sociosexuality hypothesis.
(c) the rebel selection strategy.
(d) None of the above.
(a) the sexy son hypothesis.
102
People with low self-esteem
(a) repeatedly seek social support.
(b) find it difficult to accept social support.
(c) easily integrate social-support into their self-concept.
(d) All of the above.
(b) find it difficult to accept social support.
103
People who think they are more honest, thoughtful, and good-looking are likely displaying the
1. halo effect.
2. better than average effect.
3. fundamental attribution error.
4. valid self-report effect.
2. better than average effect.
104
A person’s attachment style is
(a) completely explained by genetics.
(b) influenced by parenting.
(c) only relevant to childhood.
(d) is an unchangeable trait.
(b) influenced by parenting.
105
Which of the following behaviours manifest(s) during Alcohol withdrawal?
(a) Auditory hallucinations and illusions
(b) Grand mal seizures
(c) Autonomic hyperactivity
(d) All the above.
(d) All the above.
106
Which of the following should you do in order to diagnose a child with ADHD?
(a) Get a genetic blood test.
(b) Determine whether the behaviour symptoms occur at school and home.
(c) Give the child methylphenidate and see what happens.
(d) Give the child an intelligence test .
(b) Determine whether the behaviour symptoms occur at school and home.
107
Which of the following statements regarding childhood aggression is NOT true?
(a) Real people are not the only models of aggressive behaviour in children’s lives.
(b) Children are more likely to be aggressive when they are frustrated in attempts to gain something they want, such as attention or a toy.
(c) Children mechanically imitate the aggressive behaviour they view in the media.
(d) Children who show more aggression are more likely to show diminished empathy and perspective-taking skills.
(c) Children mechanically imitate the aggressive behaviour they view in the media. ??
108
John Bowlby used the term ‘attachment’ to mean
(a) the emotional bonds that infants develop towards their principal caregivers.
(b) an unhealthy dependence on a single individual to the exclusion of other potential caregivers.
(c) the temporary and ever-diminishing sense of dependence a child has on a caregiver or caregivers.
(d) an infant’s actual rather than felt or expressed need for a caregiver or caregivers.
(a) the emotional bonds that infants develop towards their principal caregivers.
109
Social psychology is all of the following except
(a) a science addressing a diverse array of topics.
(b) the study of how people think, feel, and behave.
(c) a compilation of observations and case studies.
(d) an approach applying the scientific method of systematic observation, description, and measurement.
(c) a compilation of observations and case studies.
110
A social psychologist would be least likely to conduct a study examining the effect of
(a) sleep on concentration.
(b) temperature on highway shootings.
(c) political attitudes on friendship formation.
(d) academic performance on self-esteem.
(a) sleep on concentration.
111
According to the interactionist perspective, behaviour is a result of the interaction between
(a) motivation and cognition.
(b) introverts and extraverts.
(c) person and situations.
(d) theoretical and practical concerns.
(c) person and situations.
112
Recall that in the Stanford Prison Study conducted by Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues (1973), guards became increasingly aggressive and prisoners became increasingly submissive and withdrawn, all in under a week. Results of this (aborted) study suggest that
(a) norms in the real world are often adopted in artificial settings.
(b) humans are inherently aggressive and will “act out” in the appropriate situation.
(c) social roles can take on a power all their own.
(d) interdependence can be reduced in powerful situations.
(c) social roles can take on a power all their own.
113
Recall that Muzafer Sherif (1936) placed participants in a dark room and asked them to estimate the movement of a dot of light projected on a screen. This study of the autokinetic effect demonstrated the power of
(a) normative social influence.
(b) conversion.
(c) informational social influence.
(d) obedience to authority.
(c) informational social influence.
114
In a series of experiments, why did Solomon Asch (1951, 1956) ask participants to judge the lengths of lines which were clearly different from one another? Asch
(a) wanted to study conformity in unambiguous situations.
(b) believed that people would not obey the leader’s judgment.
(c) wanted to study conformity in ambiguous situations.
(d) believed that Muzafer Sherif’s experiments were fatally flawed.
(a) wanted to study conformity in unambiguous situations.
115
In Milgram’s classic research on obedience to authority, which of the following aspects of the procedure is NOT true?
(a) The experimenter used only verbal prods to make the teacher give the learner electric shock.
(b) The role of teacher and learner was randomly assigned by the flip of a coin.
(c) The teacher gave electric shock to the learner in 15 volt increments for each wrong answer.
(d) The teacher was briefly exposed to the electric shock at the very beginning of the study.
(b) The role of teacher and learner was randomly assigned by the flip of a coin.
116
When people are asked to choose between “Winning $40 with probability of .40” versus “Winning $30 with probability of .50”, most of them prefer the former than the latter. However, when the probability doubles, i.e., “winning $40 with probability of .80” versus “Winning $30 with probability of 1.00”, most people prefer the latter. This phenomenon can be explained by
(a) Expected Value Theory.
(b) Expected Utility Theory.
(c) Prospect Theory.
(d) Attention Attenuation Theory.
(c) Prospect Theory.
117
When we evaluate probability based on the ease with which relevant examples come to mind, we are using
(a) the salience heuristic.
(b) the representativeness heuristic.
(c) the frequency heuristic.
(d) the availability heuristic.
(d) the availability heuristic.
118
The representativeness heuristic can lead to
(a) the gambler’s fallacy.
(b) the conjunction fallacy.
(c) the “hot hand” belief.
(d) All of the above.
(d) All of the above.
119
Changing the way two options are presented can cause us to change our preference from one option to the other. This phenomenon is known as
(a) the framing effect.
(b) the anchoring effect.
(c) the inconsistency effect.
(d) the context effect.
(a) the framing effect.
120
According to Kahneman and Tversky’s (1979) Prospect Theory,
(a) people are risk aversion in choices involving gains, but risk seeking in choices involving losses.
(b) people are risk seeking in choices involving gains, but risk aversion in choices involving losses.
(c) people are risk aversion in choices involving gains and losses.
(d) there is no difference in behaviour in choices involving gains or losses.
(a) people are risk aversion in choices involving gains, but risk seeking in choices involving losses.
121
As we demonstrated in class, when people are asked to estimate “1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8”, they typically come up with a product much smaller than when they are asked to estimate “8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1”. This example shows
(a) people are not good at mental arithmetic.
(b) people make judgments on the basis of whatever comes to mind first.
(c) people do not make large enough adjustments to appropriately overcome the influence of the initial numbers.
(d) None of the above.
Unsure - (b)?
122
In studies on anchoring effects, the anchor can be provided or self-generated. It can also be explicit or implicit, relevant or irrelevant to the target. In the listing price study by Northcraft and Neale (1987), the anchor was
(a) provided, explicit, and irrelevant.
(b) provided, implicit, and relevant.
(c) self-generated and relevant.
(d) self-generated and irrelevant.
(b) provided, implicit, and relevant.
123
Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the anchoring effect. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
(a) negative priming
(b) increased accessibility of knowledge
(c) insufficient adjustment
(d) magnitude priming
a? or b?
124
Which of the following is NOT an example of a stereotyped pattern of behaviour displayed by children with Autism?
(a) obsessive fixation with specific objects
(b) repetitive hand movements
(c) apparent inflexible adherence to routines
(d) delay in, or total lack of, the development of spoken language
(a) obsessive fixation with specific objects
125
In the Ainsworth ‘Laboratory Strange Situation’ research, it is generally found that infants display attachment styles in the following distribution:
(a) 70% secure, 20% anxious/ambivalent, 10% avoidant
(b) 70% secure, 20% avoidant, 10% anxious/ambivalent
(c) 50% secure, 30% avoidant, 20% anxious/ambivalent
(d) None of the above.
(b) 70% secure, 20% avoidant, 10% anxious/ambivalent
126
Which of the following emotional capabilities are linked to the development of prosocial behaviour in children?
(a) empathy and perspective taking
(b) perspective taking and kindness
(c) empathy and self-control
(d) perspective taking and self-control
(a) empathy and perspective taking
127
```
Here’s what we know about Peter: He is very intelligent; he enjoys reading; and he likes watching foreign films. Which of the Big 5 personality traits best describes Peter?
A) extraversion
B) open to experience
C) conscientious
D) shy
```
B) open to experience
128
What is the symptom that is NOT characteristic of Autism?
A) Inability to develop peer relationships.
B) Delay in the development of spoken language.
C) Highly talented in a specific area, such as maths.
D) Preoccupation with parts of objects.
A) Inability to develop peer relationships. ?
129
One danger of using the Big 5 to describe a person’s personality is that it
A) may provide an overwhelming amount of information.
B) may create a caricature of the person.
C) gives too much weight to the situation.
D) gives too much weight to the influence of genes.
E) None of the above.
E) None of the above. ??
130
```
Albert Bandura refers to people’s beliefs about whether or not they can successfully perform specific tasks as
A) self-actualisation.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-determination.
```
C) self-efficacy.
131
Which of the following is NOT one of the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode?
A) Decrease or increase in appetite.
B) There has never been a manic or hypomanic episode.
C) Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day.
D) Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (must be observable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down).
E) Excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every day.
B) There has never been a manic or hypomanic episode.
132
A social psychologist would be least likely to conduct a study examining the effect of
A) sleep on concentration ability.
B) temperature on highway shootings.
C) political attitudes on friendship formation.
D) academic performance on self-esteem.
A) sleep on concentration ability.
133
```
According to the interactionist perspective, behaviour is a result of the interaction between
A) motivation and cognition.
B) introverts and extraverts.
C) person and situations.
D) theoretical and practical concerns.
```
C) person and situations.
134
According to the definition of social psychology presented in lecture, social psychology is the study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by
A) live social interactions with other humans.
B) the presence of real or imagined others.
C) other living things.
D) perceptions of the social world.
B) the presence of real or imagined others.
135
Which of these psychotherapy approaches focuses on the roles of basic learning processes in the development and maintenance of adaptive and maladaptive ways of responding to the environment?
a) cognitive approach
b) behavioral approach
c) psychodynamic approach
d) humanistic approach
b) behavioral approach
136
Both cognitive and behavioral therapists:
a) focus on the whole person.
b) deal directly with clients' maladaptive thinking and beliefs.
c) prefer subjective measures of assessment, such as self-ratings.
d) are concerned with a specific problem or set of symptoms.
d) are concerned with a specific problem or set of symptoms.
137
According to cognitive therapists, the sources of clients' behavioral and emotional problems are:
a) maladaptive beliefs and thoughts.
b) neurotransmitter imbalances in the brain.
c) sexual and aggressive drives that conflict with learned beliefs and societal constraints.
d) maladaptive behavior-reward contingencies.
b) neurotransmitter imbalances in the brain.?
138
False beliefs held in the face of compelling evidence to the contrary are called _____ and are among the major symptoms of _____.
a) delusions; schizophrenia
b) hallucinations; schizophrenia
c) delusions; dissociative disorders
d) hallucinations; mood disorders
a) delusions; schizophrenia
139
Which of the following is/are NOT a symptom of schizophrenia?
a) delusions
b) mania
c) disorganized speech
d) hallucinations
b) mania
140
Which of the following factors has been shown to increase a person's susceptibility to schizophrenia?
a) birth traumas, such as oxygen deprivation
b) prenatal lack of nutrition
c) prenatal viral infections
d) all have been shown to increase a person's susceptibility to schizophrenia
d) all have been shown to increase a person's susceptibility to schizophrenia
141
Tony, a mailman living in Idaho, believes the government is plotting against him because he constantly sees the President around the mail room when no one else does, and hears voices telling him that the Secretary of Defense knows where he lives and has targeted missiles at his bedroom. His symptoms are characteristic of _____ schizophrenia.
a) paranoid
b) catatonic
c) disorganized
d) negative
a) paranoid
142
Mechanistic job design can lead to?
a) Monotony, boredom, job dissatisfaction, absenteeism and turnover
b) Commitment, communication, cohesion, well-being
c) Engagement, job satisfaction, performance, motivation
d) Job dissatisfaction, stress, performance, coordination
a) Monotony, boredom, job dissatisfaction, absenteeism and turnover
143
The stages of Weitzel and Jonsson’s (1989) model of organizational success and decline are?
a) Understanding, in action, crisis, change, success
b) Growth, stability, change, reaction, decline
c) Blinded, inaction, faulty action, crisis, dissolution
d) Inaction, decline, response, change, growth
c) Blinded, inaction, faulty action, crisis, dissolution
144
Which of the following is not a core dimension according to the Job Characteristic Model?
a) Task identity
b) Meaningfulness
c) Skill variety
d) Autonomy
b) Meaningfulness
145
Pick the incorrect alternative listed below about theories on stress at work:
a) Demands do not always lead to stress reactions
b) Low demands can be stressful
c) Control at work helps people handle demands
d) Jobs with perceived high demands and high control are often the most stressful
d) Jobs with perceived high demands and high control are often the most stressful ??
146
What of the following behaviours manifest during Alcohol withdrawal?
a) Auditory hallucinations and illusions
b) Grand mal seizures
c) Autonomic hyperactivity
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
147
Mr. Dongraegu has persistent and recurring panic attacks and often avoids going to the market place. What type of mental illness best describes his condition?
a) Anemophobia
b) Asthenophobia
c) Agoraphobia
d) Ailurophobia
c) Agoraphobia
148
# Define tolerance.
a) A need for markedly increased amounts of substance to achieve intoxication of the desired effect
b) A markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance
c) Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance abuse
d) aandb
d) a and b ??
149
A child plays with toys similar to surrounding children. However, they treat the toys as they choose and do not directly interact with other children. According to Parten’s Categories of play, what type of ‘play’ is the child exhibiting?
a) Cooperative Play
b) Associative Play
c) Parallel Play
d) Solitary Play
d) Solitary Play
