Questions Flashcards
We tend to value the things we own more than identical things we don’t own. This endowment effect can be explained by A. Prospect Theory B. Expected Utility Theory C. Both (A) and (B) D. Status Quo Theory
C. Both (A) and (B)
Suppose you are flipping a coin. If you believe that the result is more likely to be HHTHTTH rather HHHHHHT, you are using A. representativeness heuristic. B. equal distribution heuristic. C. unbiased frequency heuristic. D. availability heuristic.
A. representativeness heuristic.
According to Prospect Theory,
A. a given difference between two options will have greater impact if it is viewed as a difference between two disadvantages than if it is viewed as a difference between two advantages.
B. utilities are evaluated with respect to a reference point.
C. we use psychological probability instead of objective probability in calculating
utilities.
D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
The wheel of fortune study by Tversky and Kahneman (1974) shows that
A. anchoring effects can be reduced by expertise
B. anchoring effects can be reduced when participants have been warned
beforehand.
C. anchor effects do not have to be relevant to be effective.
D. a self-generated anchor is as effective as a provided anchor.
C. anchor effects do not have to be relevant to be effective.
When people are asked to choose between “Winning $40 with probability of .40” versus “Winning $30 with probability of .50”, most of them prefer the former than the latter. However, when the probability doubles, i.e., “winning $40 with probability of .80” versus “Winning $30 with probability of 1.00”, most people prefer the latter. This phenomenon shows that
A. people behave in the way predicted by Expected Value Theory
B. people behave in the way predicted by Prospect Theory
C. people behave in the way predicted by Expected Utilities Theory
D. None of the above. People are irrational.
B. people behave in the way predicted by Prospect Theory
6. In the “Linda” example we talked about in class, many people consider it more likely that “Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement” than “Linda is a bank teller”. This is an example of A. status quo bias. B. retrievability failure. C. gambler’s fallacy. D. conjunction fallacy.
D. conjunction fallacy.
In
the criterion study conducted by Chen and Kemp (2014), they show
A. that participants showed a criterion effect when judges were experts.
B. that participants showed a criterion effect when the criterion was randomly
generated by a coin flipping.
C. that it pays to be aggressive in promotion application.
D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
“Nothing in life is quite as important as you think it is while you are thinking about it” (Schkade & Kahneman, 1998). This sentence illustrates A. the dilution illusion. B. the focusing illusion. C. the Ponzo illusion. D. the Gambler’s illusion.
B. the focusing illusion.
In the money priming studies that we talked about in our lecture, if one group of participants has been primed with money (the money group) and the other group not (the control group), and you then give all the participants a series of scenarios similar to the following one:
“You work as an office assistant for a department at a university. You’re alone in the office making copies and realize you’re out of copy paper at home. You therefore slip a ream of paper in your backpack.”
In response to the question “how likely it is that you would engage in the behaviour described”, on the basis of previous research, what do you expect the results to be?
A. The money group indicates more willingness to engage in the behaviour described.
B. The money group indicates less willingness to engage in the behaviour described.
C. There is no difference between the two groups.
D. There is no previous research on this topic, so there is no way to predict the
results.
A. The money group indicates more willingness to engage in the behaviour described.
Three broad sets of factors have been identified that contribute to personality differences and similarities between people. These are genetics, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ environmental factors and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ environmental factors. A. phenotypic; genotypic B. shared; non-shared C. long-term; short-term D. positive; negative
B. shared; non-shared
Which hormone seems to play an important role in bonding and romantic attachment? A. norepinephrine B. serotonin C. cortisol D. oxytocin
D. oxytocin
Which of the following is NOT one of the “big five” factors in the Five Factor Model of personality? A. Agreeableness B. Conscientiousness C. Self-actualisation D. Openness to experience
C. Self-actualisation
Evolutionary psychology assumes:
A. that sex differences in mate selection have their origins in social structure.
B. that many of our behaviours are present because in our evolutionary history,
these behaviours were helpful or necessary for our species’ survival.
C. that most aspects of our thought or behaviour occur randomly. D. all of the above.
B. that many of our behaviours are present because in our evolutionary history,
these behaviours were helpful or necessary for our species’ survival.
Women tend to report that they would be less ___________ if their male partner _________________ than if he ___________________.
A. jealous; had a sexual relationship with another woman; fell in love with another woman.
B. jealous; fell in love with another woman; had a sexual relationship with another woman.
C. happy; had a sexual relationship with another woman; fell in love with another woman.
D. happy; fell in love with another woman; had a sexual relationship with another woman.
A. jealous; had a sexual relationship with another woman; fell in love with
another woman.

Imagine that Francis feels anxious and guilty because she recently stole money from her parents. Then imagine that the next day she criticises her friend for being dishonest when her friend downloads a movie off the internet and doesn’t pay for it. Francis is likely using which defense mechanism? A. Displacement B. Reaction formation C. Rationalisation D. Projection
D. Projection
According to Rogers, believing that others value you based only on intelligence, success, or attractiveness can lead to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. existential dread B. unconditional positive regard C. despair D. conditions of worth
D. conditions of worth
A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that ________.
A. individual differences cannot be measured reliably
B. situations do not affect behavior
C. people are inconsistent
D. correlational methods do not clearly indicate effect size
C. people are inconsistent
On Friday, Terence completes the Self- Monitoring Scale and receives a score of 49. On the following Tuesday, he fills out the scale again and receives a score of 28. Terence’s scores on the Self- Monitoring Scale do not appear to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. valid B. reliable C. significant D. free of unwanted biases
B. reliable
Reliability is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for validity. A. a necessary and sufficient condition B. a necessary but not sufficient condition C. a sufficient condition D. not at all relevant
B. a necessary but not sufficient condition
Which glucocorticoid hormone involved with the fight- or- flight response generates increased heart rate and blood pressure? A. serotonin B. estrogen C. progesterone D. cortisol
D. cortisol
The Remote Association Test measures \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ thinking and creativity. A. divergent B. convergent C. lateral D. spatial
B. convergent
Artists that employ the experimental method tend to produce their best work through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. insight B. divergent thinking C. trial and error D. visions and dreams
C. trial and error
Which of the following was NOT one of bodily humors? A. blood B. black bile C. phlegm D. marrow
D. marrow
The neurotransmitter dopamine is associated with systems that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. respond to reward B. generate acute feelings of anxiety C. block the effects of opiates D. generate vertigo
A. respond to reward
The Big 5 can be remembered using the acronym \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. OCEAN B. CREAM C. OVERT D. TRAIT
A. OCEAN
Self-esteem is defined as ________.
A. an emotional evaluation of personal worth
B. the degree to which an individual is valued by group or community
C. conditions of worth
D. all of the above
A. an emotional evaluation of personal worth
- Narcissism is defined as ________.
A. highly stable self-esteem developed over time
B. exaggerated self-esteem compensating for insecurity
C. an intergenerational judgment of younger cohorts
D. bothbandc
B. exaggerated self-esteem compensating for insecurity
The approach to personality test construction that examines a set of correlations among many items in order to identify which items are highly correlated is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ approach. A. nomothetic B. idiographic C. rational D. factor analytic
D. factor analytic
Personality assessment refers to ________.
A. a treatment for personality disorders
B. the analysis and interpretation of genetic markers of personality
C. the measurement of any characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, or emotion
D. the selection of a group of individuals with the most unique temperaments
C. the measurement of any characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, or emotion
Cultural psychology is included within the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ paradigm A. behavioral/social learning B. Phenomenological C. Psychoanalytic D. Trait
B. Phenomenological
One purpose of the DSM is to ________, and a second is to ________.
A. make psychiatric diagnosis more objective; guide research on disorders
B. make psychiatric diagnosis more objective; facilitate insurance billing
C. guide research on disorders; facilitate biological research on disorders
D. facilitate genetic research on disorders; make psychiatric diagnosis more
objective
B. make psychiatric diagnosis more objective; facilitate insurance billing
People who have ego- syntonic personality disorders ________.
A. are accurately aware of their disorder
B. lose their identities
C. are low in ego control and ego resiliency
D. do not think anything is wrong
D. do not think anything is wrong
Psychologists following the phenomenological approach ________.
A. a. focus on the workings of the unconscious mind and the resolution of internal mental conflict
B. study how overt behavior is affected by rewards and punishments
C. build theoretical models of how people process information
D. are concerned with our conscious experience of the world and the consequences of having free will
D. are concerned with our conscious experience of the world and the consequences of having free will

Dollard and Miller’s key idea concerns \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. defense mechanisms B. the habit hierarchy C. behavior potential D. reciprocal determinism
B. the habit hierarchy
According to Dollard and Miller, a state of psychological tension that feels good when it is reduced is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. a. drive B. b. behavior potential C. c. motivation D. d. psychological conflict
A. a. drive
According to the DSM-5 classification scheme, what are the Cluster B disorders?
A. a. histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline
B. b. narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline
C. c. histrionic, obsessive- compulsive, and paranoid
D. d. schizotypal, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline
A. a. histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline
Philippe Pinel was a well-known leader in the reform of:
A. psychosurgery because it left patients with lifelong deficits in their ability to make plans and behave according to them.
B. mental health institutions because they were overcrowded and understaffed.
C. typical antipsychotic drugs because they often caused irreversible motor disturbances in patients called tardive dyskinesia.
D. psychotherapy because many psychotherapists believed that their own approach was “right” and other approaches were “wrong.”
B. mental health institutions because they were overcrowded and understaffed.
Micaiah is a mental health professional who has a medical degree. He works in a private office and regularly prescribes medications. Micaiah is MOST likely a: A. psychiatrist. B. clinical psychologist. C. counsellor. D. psychiatric nurse.
A. psychiatrist.
Which of these is NOT one of the three main categories of drugs that treat mental disorders? A. antihysteric drugs B. antipsychotic drugs C. antidepressant drugs D. antianxiety drugs
A. antihysteric drugs
Most typical antipsychotic drugs work by \_\_\_\_\_ the activity of the neurotransmitter \_\_\_\_\_ in the brain. A. increasing; dopamine B. decreasing; dopamine C. increasing; serotonin D. decreasing; serotonin
B. decreasing; dopamine
Placebo effects are the:
A. improvement of symptoms that occurs over time with no treatment at all.
B. improvement in an individual’s condition due to the belief that he/she is being treated.
C. common side effects of drugs, such as fatigue, sleeplessness, and nausea.
D. remission of symptoms following psychotherapy and drug treatments.
B. improvement in an individual’s condition due to the belief that he/she is being treated.
Which of these psychotherapy approaches focuses on the idea that people's ingrained, habitual ways of thinking affect their mood and behaviour? A. humanistic approach B. psychodynamic approach C. behavioural approach D. cognitive approach
D. cognitive approach
To a psychodynamic therapist, symptoms that bring a person in for therapy:
A. are surface manifestations of a conflict buried in the person’s unconscious mind.
B. are unconscious and synonymous with the disorder itself.
C. generally have little or no relationship to the unconscious problem that needs
to be addressed.
D. should be disregarded, because they represent an attempt by the patient to
resist treatment and distract from the real problem.
A. are surface manifestations of a conflict buried in the person’s unconscious mind.
Lindsey has been diagnosed with a mental disorder and is beginning treatment with a cognitive therapist. Her therapy sessions will focus on her:
A. inner potential for self-actualization.
B. faulty thinking.
C. early childhood memories that she has repressed.
D. unconscious mental conflicts.
B. faulty thinking.
Jerome fears clowns because he was once robbed by one when he was a little kid. To cure his unwanted fear, Jerome's therapist exposes him to various clowns in the absence of being robbed, which will result in loss of the fear. This technique is known as: A. person-centred therapy. B. habituation. C. extinction. D. transference.
C. extinction.
Which of the following describes industrial and organisational psychology the best?
A. It’s the study of making money
B. It’s about people at work
C. It’s the psychology of people in factories
D. It’s all about stress
B. It’s about people at work
Which physiological process/processes/systems are involved in heightening the arousal that facilitates the 'fight or flight' response? A. Cortisol levels B. Noradrenaline and adrenaline C. Parasympathetic nervous system D. Oxytocin levels
B. Noradrenaline and adrenaline
Which combination of working conditions listed below would be called “active jobs”? A. High demands – low control B. Low demands – high control C. High demands – high control D. Low demands – low control
C. High demands – high control
The stress reaction is adaptive and has saved lives. But in some cases can it actually become dangerous. Which of the alternatives below is the most appropriate example of when the stress response is maladaptive (not good) given what you learned in the lecture?
A. When the individual overreacts to things that are not objectively stressful
B. When others think the reaction is annoying
C. When our stress hormones make us feel high
D. When the stress reaction is not followed by time to recover
D. When the stress reaction is not followed by time to recover
According to expectancy theory, why might you be answering this question now? A. Because it will help you to self-actualize. B. Because it will help you to understand the subject, get better module marks and ultimately a better degree. C. Because you have been told to do it by a tutor. D. Because you gain intrinsic satisfaction from answering the question correctly.
B. Because it will help you to understand the subject, get better module marks and ultimately a better degree. 
Which of the following is a critical psychological state in the job characteristics theory of work motivation? A. Meaningfulness of the work B. Growth need strength C. Internal work motivation D. Growth satisfaction
A. Meaningfulness of the work
Which of the following behaviours manifest (s) during Alcohol withdrawal? A. Auditory hallucinations and illusions B. Grand mal seizures C. Autonomic hyperactivity D. All the above.
D. All the above.
Which of the following should you do in order to diagnose a child with ADHD?
A. Get a genetic blood test.
B. Determine whether the behaviour symptoms occur at school and home.
C. Give the child methylphenidate and see what happens.
D. Give the child an intelligence test.
B. Determine whether the behaviour symptoms occur at school and home.
Which of the following statements regarding childhood aggression is NOT true?
A. Real people are not the only models of aggressive behaviour in children’s lives.
B. Children are more likely to be aggressive when they are frustrated in attempts to gain something they want, such as attention or a toy.
C. Children mechanically imitate the aggressive behaviour they view in the media.
D. Children who show more aggression are more likely to show diminished empathy and perspective-taking skills.
C. Children mechanically imitate the aggressive behaviour they view in the media.
John Bowlby used the term ‘attachment’ to mean:
A. The emotional bonds that infants develop towards their principal caregivers.
B. An unhealthy dependence on a single individual to the exclusion of other potential caregivers.
C. The temporary and ever-diminishing sense of dependence a child has on a caregiver or caregivers.
D. An infant’s actual rather than felt or expressed need for a caregiver or caregivers.
A. The emotional bonds that infants develop towards their principal caregivers.
If a person is diagnosed with panic disorder, it is not uncommon for them to display symptoms of additional disorders when the diagnosis is made. These symptoms can indicate that they may also be experiencing A. Anxiety. B. Agoraphobia. C. Depression. D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
Although related to other fields, social psychology is distinct in that its emphasis is on
(a) understanding the immediate situational factors that influence human behaviour.
(b) classifying and treating psychological disorders.
(c) identifying individual characteristics that are relatively stable across time.
(d) describing the relationship between human behaviour across the lifespan.
(a) understanding the immediate situational factors that influence human behaviour.
Which research method allows the researcher to focus on causality?
(a) observational methods
(b) correlational methods
(c) experimental methods
(d) archival analyses
(c) experimental methods
Relative to experimental studies, the primary disadvantage of correlation studies is that
(a) they are more labour-intensive.
(b) cause and effect cannot be determined with them.
(c) the results are more easy to understand.
(d) the choice of variables that can be studied is limited.
(b) cause and effect cannot be determined with them.
