Questions

Question 1

Renal disease is distinguished by protein in urine and edema?

Answer 1

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 2

Disease associated with Waxy Cast?

Answer 2

Chronic renal failure

Question 3

How body responds to loss of albumin and what appears in urine?

Answer 3

Liver produces lipoproteins
Urine has Lipoproteins and albumin

Question 4

How to differentiate pyelonephritis, interstitial nephritis and cystitis?

Answer 4

Interstitial Nephritis: WON’T have bacteria
Pyelonephritis: WBCs/WBC casts
Cystitis: No WBC casts

Question 5

Define Polarizing Microscopy

Answer 5

bright-field — routine urinalysis
phase-contrast — enhances low refractive objects (hyaline casts, mucous, etc.)
polarizing — cholesterol and crystals
interference-contrast — enhances detail (three dimensional image)

Question 6

Which of these polarize? I think name things like “oval fat bodies, cholesterol, crystals”

Answer 6

Uric acid
tripple phosphate crystals
Cholesterol
radiographic contrast dye
Oval fat bodies

Question 7

What happens to cells in hypo and hypertonic solutions?

Answer 7

Hypertonic: creatinates
Hypotonic: lyses the cell

Question 8

Crystals involved in renal calculi?

Answer 8

Calcium oxalate crystals

Question 9

Matching: PKU Phynalketourea? (?), porphyrias, melaninuria, mucopolysaccharide (match the tests and the colors)?

Answer 9

Phenylalanine: ferric chloride test: permanent blue-green color

Melanuria: Ferric chloride (grey or black precipitate)
Sodium nitroprusside (red color)
Ehrlich’s reagent (red color)

cystinuria : cyanide-nitroprusside test: red-purple color
homocystinuria: screening: pos cyanide-nitroprusside: red
Confirm: silver-nitroprusside: red

mucopolysacchride: CTAB (white turbidity)
Acid-albumin turbidity (white turbidity)
metachromic staining (blue spot)

Question 10

Differentiate between and RBC and yeast?

Answer 10

Acetic Acid will lyse RBC’s but not yeast

Question 11

Why look for eosinophils in urine and what test to run for that?

Answer 11

Shows allergic reaction to medication. Hansel stain

Question 12

How cast formation occurs? (possibly part of chart)

Answer 12

Tamm-horsfall protein aggregates
fibrils for loose network
further interweaveing forms a Matrix
cast detaches from the RTEs and is excreted

Question 13

What urine goes dark on standing?

Answer 13

Melanin/Homogenistic acid

Question 14

blue urine – why??

Answer 14

Indicanuria. Increased tryptophan conversion to indole

Question 15

Odor questions?

Answer 15

Phenylketonuria: Mousy odor urine
MSUD: sweet odor

Question 16

Parasites in the urine and where do they come from?

Answer 16

Pinworm – comes from butt
Trichomonas vaginalis: Most common parasite
Giardia Lamblia: fecal contamination

Question 17

Colors of urines

Answer 17

Yellow: normal
Red: blood/myoglobin: hemoglobin
Port wine: Porphyrins
dark/black: melanin/homgenistic acid
Blue: indican
Green: infection
clear: overhydration/tampering

Question 18

When strip test is positive for blood what 3 things could it be?

Answer 18

Hemoglobin
Blood
Myoglobin

Question 19

Hemosiderin Stain is……

Answer 19

The Prussian Blue Stain

Question 20

Hemoglobin goes to brown over time

Answer 20

Methemoglobin

Question 21

Bile Duct Obstruction vs Intravascular Hemolysis?

Answer 21

Bile duct obstruction: Bilirubin present
Intravascular hemolysis: increased urobilinogen

Question 22

Blue in diapers vs Black in diapers vs Orange Sand in diapers?

Answer 22

Blue Diaper: Indicanuria
Black diaper: Alkaptonuria
Orange sand diaper: Uric acid crystals (purine disorders)

Question 23

Cystinosis vs cystinuria?

Answer 23

Cystinuria: error in transport of amino acids
Cystinosis: error of metabolism

Question 24

How to break down kidney stones?

Answer 24

Small calculi: passed naturally
Larger: broken by high energy waves or surgery

Question 25

What is the Clinitest used for?

Answer 25

alkaptonuria
galactosemia

Question 26

Nephrotic vs Tubular Necrosis – differentiating signs?

Answer 26

Tubular necrosis: RTE cells & casts
Nephrotic syndrome: Marked proteinuria, Fat droplets

Question 27

Accutest tubular necrosis signs?

Answer 27

Mild proteinuria
RTE cells
RTE casts
Maybe other casts